V WOODROW WILSON Governor of New Jersey LlBiiARY NEW YORK ANNUAL REPORT botanical GARDEN OF THE NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUn Including a Report of the Plants of Southern New Jersey, With Especial Reference to the Flora of the Pine Barrens. 1910 TRENTON, N. J. MacCrellish & Quigley, State Printers, Opposite Post Office. syr f^ CD PART I. (3) Commissioners of the New Jersey State Museum. State Supt. of Public Instruction, CHARLES J. BAXTER, President. State GEotociST, HENRY B. KUMMEL, Secretary. President State Board of Agriculture, E. B. VOORHEES. President of the Senate, JOSEPH S. FRELINGHUYSEN. Speaker of the House of Assembly, HARRY P. WARD. SILAS R. MORSE, Curator. Heads of the Several Departments of the New Jersey State Museum. C. J. BAXTER, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Educational. E. B. VOORHEES, Rutgers College, Agriculture. HENRY B. KUMMEL, State Geologist, Geology. JOHN C. SMOCK, E-K-State Geologist, Forestry. JOHN B. SMITH, State Entomologist, Entomology. JAMES T. MORGAN, Deputy of Bureau of Labor Statistics, Manufactures. WILLIAM H. WERNER, Ta.vidermist of Museum. HERBERT M. LLOYD, Secretary of Geological Survey, Archceology. (5) Letter of Transmittal. Trenton^ N. J., November 30th, 19 10. To t/ic Honorable John Franklin Forf^ Governor of the State of Nezv Jersey: Sir. — I have the honor to present, for the Com- missioners of the New Jersey State Museum, the annual report, including a Report on The Plants of Southern New Jersey, with especial references to the Flora of the Pine Barrens. SILAS R. MORSE, Curator. (7) Curator's Report. For the educational part of our Report for 1910, we have taken a subject that will, we think, be not only interesting, but beneficial, to our schools, and to a large number of people of the State. It is well known that the Flora of Southern New Jersey is an interesting subject, one that should to a certain extent be taught in our public schools. We have had many requests for information on this subject, but have never been able to give any printed work giving the information desired. To present this subject we have selected a gentleman who has made a study of it for many years, one whose statements can be relied upon, Mr. Witmer Stone of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Phila- delphia, Pa., who gave us such good reports on the Mammals, and the Birds, their Nests and Eggs. Our intention was to publish with this report a paper on the Fresh and Salt Water Shell Fish of New Jersey, but we found that it would make too large a volume, so have concluded to defer that subject until 191 1 for our next Annual Report. It is to be compiled by Mr. Silas C. Wheat, who has devoted much time to this subject in collections and study. The Report for 1908, "The Birds, Their Nests and Eggs," has met with much praise and has been in great demand. It is used as a reference book in most of the public schools. It was placed in nearly all of the public school libraries and State Public Libraries. We exchange reports with a great many of the United States Departments at Washington, and with many of the Public Museums and institutions similar to our own, and also with several of the principal colleges and libraries in the United States. We are thus collecting a valuable library for the New Jersev State Museum. (9) lo REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. The (Icmatul for some of our reports in several of tlie State Libraries has been so great that we have supplied them with several copies of the same report. We have been assured by many superintendents and teachers that the reports have awakened a great interest on the subjects of which they treat. VISITORS. There has been a decided increase in the number of visitors in the past year at the museum. A large number of the school teachers have brought their classes to see and study the specimens of natural history. It is still visited by many of the Normal and Model School students for study of the many specimens. It is considered a great help to have such an institution to- visit and study. THE COLIvECTIONS. The collections of New Jersey minerals is one of the best and most complete in the State, containing a great many speci- mens. We have had the mnierals re-arranged and labeled, which makes it much more interesting and beneficial to the student. The collection of birds of New Jersey is quite extensive. There are only a very few of the specimens that we do not have, and that number is getting smaller very fast. We hope to have nearly all by another year. We have added several new specimens to the Mammal collec- tion until there are only a very few species that are not repre- sented by a specimen. One of the recent additions is a very young deer, which was only five days old when it died. W> were able to get this specimen through the courtesy of the Chair- man of the Fish and Game Commission of the State of Maine, as we did several groups of beavers and other specimens. This Commission has always been very kind to New Jersey, which is greatly appreciated by the management of the Museum. MORE ROOM NEEDED. We have urged the need of more room in several of our other reports, but as yet do not see when we will get it. Last winter REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM, ii the Legislature made an appropriation to buy more land, which we think has been purchased, and w^e hope our prospects for additional room is brighter than last year. That it will come sometime is our prayer. If we could have the room necessary the Museum could be made much more useful and interesting. We are so crowded now^ that the specimens cannot be displayed to an advantage. If they could be, the value of the Museum would be greatly en- hanced. Although we have very valuable exhibits from the educational exhibits for the past thirty-two years, yet for the want of room they cannot be shown properly; therefore, much of the benefit they would give is lost. The intention of the Museum Commission was to have more work from the schools each year, which we now are unable to get for the want of space to display it. It also intended to have a department of agriculture and manufacture, but for the same reason, want of room, we cannot carry it out. Take one branch of manufacture, the Potteries, could make one of the best and most interesting exhibits in the Museum. The same could be said of many other New Jersey industries. New Jersey is rich in its manufactures and its agricultural products. • List of Publications Received. The Vertebrates of the Cayuga Lake Basin, N. Y. Cornell University. The Trees and Birds, Free Public Library of Newark. N. J. Proceedings of the American Association of Museums for 1909. Park Museum Bulletin for Nov.-Dec. 1909, Roger Williams Park. The Apteryx for January, 1905, Roger Williams Park Museum. The Apteryx for April, 1905, Roger Williams Park Museum. The Apteryx for July, 1905, Roger Williams Park Museum. Monograph No. 14, Check List of the Birds of Rhode Island. Roger Wil- liams Park Museum. Monograph No. 15, The Reptiles and Batrachians of Rhode Lsland. Roger Williams Park Museum. Monograph No. 17, The Land and Fresh Water Shells of Great Bntam, Roger Williams Park Museum. Bulletin No. i, September, 1904, Instructions for Collection and Mountmg Insects, also a Check List of the Coleoptera of the State of Rhode Island, USA Roger Williams Park Museum. Bulletin No. i, October, 1904. A Numbered Check List of North American Unionidse, Roger Williams Park Museum. 12 Ri:rc)RT OF NEW JERSEY vSTATE MUSEUM. Bulletin No. 3, November, 1904, Preparation and Use of Kerosene Emul- sion, Roger Williams Park Museum. Bulletin No. 4, December, 1904, The Making of an Herbarium, Roger Wil- liams Park Museum. Bulletin No. 7, March, 1905, The Metropolitan Park System of Providence, Roger Williams Park Museum. Bulletin No. 8, April, 1905, Check List of the Minerals of Rhode Island, Roger Williams Park Museum. Bulletin 9, May, 1905, The Cambrian Deposits of North Attleboro, Roger Williams Park Museum. Bulletin 10, June, 1905, The American Osprey, Roger Williams Park Museum. Bulletin 11, July, 1905, Water-Mites and How to Collect Them, Roger Wil- liams Park Museum. Bulletin 12, August, 1905, Unios of New England, Roger Williams Park Museum. Bulletin 13, September, 1905, Sphingida: of Rhode Island, Roger Williams Park Museum. Forty-first Annual Report of the Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History, New York. American Museum Journal, Vol. 9, American Museum of Natural History, New York. American Museum Journal for January, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal for February, 1909, American Museum of Nat- ural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal for March, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal for April, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal for May, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal for October, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal for November, 1909, American Museum of Nat- ural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal for December, 1909, American Museum of Nat- ural History, N. Y. The Collection of Minerals, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. North American Ruminants, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. The Musical Instruments of the Incas, July, 1903, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. The Insect-Calls of the Vicinity of New York City, October, 1904, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. The Reptiles of the Vicinity of New York City, July, 1905, American Mu- seum of Natural History, N. Y. The Batrachians of the Vicinity of New York City, October, 1905, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. The Birds of the Vicinity of New York City, April and July, 1906. American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. 13 A Guide to the Sponge Alcove, October, iqo6, American Museum of Nat- ural History, N. Y. The Foyer Collection of Meteorites, December, 1907, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. The Habitat Bird Groups, February, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. The Indians of Manhattan Island and Vicinity, September, 1909, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. Stokes Paintings Representing Greenland Eskimo, November, 1909, Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal, January, 1910, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal, February, 1910, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal, March, 1910, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal, April, 1910, American Museum of Natural His- tory, N. Y. American Museum Journal, May, 1910, American Museum of Natural His- tory, N. Y. American Museum Journal, October, 1910, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal, January, 1908, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal, February, 1908, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal, March, 1908, American Museum of Natural His- tory, N. Y. American Museum Journal, April, 1908, American Museum of Natural His- tory, N. Y. American Museum Journal, May, 1908, American Museum of Natural His- tory, N. Y. American Museum Journal, October, 1908, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. American Museum Journal, November, 1908, American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1900. Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1901. Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1902. Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1903. j-uinual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1904. Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1905. Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1906. Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, N. Y., 1907. Oyster Culture, Experiments and Investigations in Louisiana, Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Chemical and Biological Survey of the Waters of Illinois, University of Illinois, September, 1909. Bulletin of the Houston Museum and Scientific Society, 1910. J4 Kl'.l'OKT Ol' .\1<:\\' JI^USI^^■ S'lW'I'I': MUSEUM. Fortieth Annual Report of the American Museum of Natural History, 1908. Bulletin of the Charleston Museum, Vols. 1-5, 1905-1909. Stala Vystava Skolskav Praze, Jeji vznik a vyvoj Od R. 1879 do R. 1909. Bulletin No. 3, of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Metal- Glass Museum Cases of the Wistar Institute. Penn. Museum and School of Industrial Arts. 34th Annual Report. Michigan Geological and Biological Survey, 1910, The Crawfishes of Michi- gan, The Insect Calls of Michigan, The Birds of School Girl's Glen Region, Ann Arbor, Mich, and A Preliminary List of the Sites of Aboriginal Remains in Michigan. Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Report for 1909. Victoria, British Columbia, Guide to Anthropological Collection in the Provincial Museum. Catalogue of the Frederick Gallatin, Jr., Collection of Books on Ornithology. Report of the Manual Training and Industrial School for Colored Youths. State Board of Education of N. J., 55th Annual Report and Catalogue of the State Normal School, at Trenton, N. J. Catalogue of Canadian Birds, Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey Branch. University of Illinois Bulletin, November 14, 1909, Register 1909-1910. University of Illinois Bulletin, December 12, 1909, Test of Timber Beams. Bulletin of Charleston Museum, Vol. 5, No. 8, December, 1909. Report of Curator of University of Michigan Museum, December, 1909. Annotated List of The Birds of Point Pelee, R. A. Taverner. Report of the Field Museum of Natural History, December, 1909. The Anura of Ithaca, N. Y., A Key to Their Eggs, January, 1909. The Increase of Austral Birds at Ithaca, January, 1910. University of Illinois, Agriculture Experimental Station, Circular 140. University of Illinois, Agriculture Experimental Station, Bulletin 143. Further Observations on the Nervous System of the American Leopard Frog, Compared with that of the European Frogs, Wistar Institute, February, 1910. A Mathematical Treatment of Some Biological Problems, Wistar linstitute, February, 1910. On The Lengths of the Internodes in the Sciatic Nerve of Rana Temporaris and Rame Pipiens; Being a Re-examination by Biometric Methods of the Data studied by Boycott and Takahashi, Wistar Institute. February, 1 910. Museum News, Central Museum, Eastern Parkway. Brooklyn, N. Y. The Zoological Bulletin, Penn. Department of Agriculture. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural Historj^ February, 1910. Bulletin of the Charleston Museum, February, 1910. Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Public Museum of Milwaukee, February, 1910. The Numismatist, March, 1910. Second Biennial Report, Louisiana State Museum, 1910. Bulletin of Charleston Museum, March, 1910. University of Illinois Bulletin, March, 1910. The Zoological Bulletin, Penn. Department of Agriculture, March, 1910. REPORT OF XE\V JERSEY STATE AIUSEUM. 15 Museum News, Central Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y., 1910. Bulletin of N. Y. Zoological Society, March, 1910. The Numismatist, April i, 1910. Bulletin of Charleston Museum, April, 1910. Notes on Some of the Rarer Birds of Washtenaw County, Michigan Uni- versity. A Synoptic List of the Fishes known to Occur Within Fifty Miles of Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, April, 1910. Further New Mammals from British East Africa, Field Museum of Natural History, April 7, 1910. Bulletin of the Penn. Museum, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., April, 1910. The Zoological Bulletin, Penn. Department of Agriculture, April and May. On the Percentage of Water in the Brain and in the Spinal Cord of the Albino Rat, Wistar Institute, April, 1910. Museum News, Central Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y., April. Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society, April, 1910. Introduction of the Hungarian Partridge into the United States, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1910. Private Game Preserves and Their Future in the United States, U. S. Department of Agriculture, May, 1910. Progress of Game Protection, U. S. Department of Agriculture, May, 1910. Bulletin of the Charleston Museum, May, 1910. University of lUinois Bulletin No. 34, May, 1910. Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 144, May, 1910. Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society, May, 1910. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee, Vol. L. Article i, June, 1910. The Numismatist, June, 1910. The Effects of Various Fixatives on the Brain of the Albino Rat, With an Account of a Method of Preparing this Material for a Study of the Cells in the Cortex, Wistar Institute, June, 1910. Academy Notes, Buffalo Fine Arts Academy, July, 1910. A NaturaHst in the Straits of Magellan, C. H. Townsend. Bulletin of the N. Y. Zoological Society, July, 1910. Bulletin of the Penn. Musuem, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., July, 1910. The Numismatist, July, 1910. University of Michigan Bulletin. Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society, July, 1910. University of Illinois Bulletin, August, 1910. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Circular 74. Game Laws for 1910, U. S. Department of Agriculture, September, 1910. The Numismatist, September, 1910. Notes on Michigan Reptiles and Amphibians, A. G. Ruthven. Report Upon the Progress of the Biological Work of the Michigan Geologi- cal and Biological Survey, A. G. Ruthven. Museum News, Central Museum Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y., October, 1910. i6 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Bulletin of ihe Penn. Museum, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., October, igio. Bulletin of Charleston Museum, October, 1910. The Logical Point, October, 1910. The Logical Point, November, 1910. Museum News, Central Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y., November, 1910. Addition to the Museum Specimens by Purchase. Set of Flamingoes. Bald Eagle. Philadelphia Vireo, M. & F, Western Sandpiper. American Golden Plover, M. Hairy Woodpecker, M. Traills Flycatcher. Orchard Oriole. Vesper Sparrow. Swamp Sparrow. Dickissel. Bank Sparrow. Rough Winged Swallow. Warbling Vireo. Orange Crowned Warbler. Wilson's Warbler. Sharp-billed Marsh Wren. Wilson's Thrush. Redhead, M. Long-billed Curlew, F. BIRD EGGS. Cooper's Hawk. Short Eared Owl. Whip-poor-Will. Chuck-will's Widow. Olive-sided Flycatcher. American Magpie. Bobolink. Brewers Blackbird. Purple Finch. American Goldfinch. English Sparrow. Field Sparrow. Painted Bunting. Migrant Shrike. Red-eyed Vireo. White-eyed Vireo. Black-throated Green Warbler. Maryland Yellow-throat. Carolina Wren. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Western Robin. Murre. Gadwall. Baldpate. American Bittern. Great-blue Heron. American Egert. Green Heron. American Avocet. Gambles Partridge. Ground Dove. American Osprey. Sharp-shinned Hawk. Wilson's Snipe. Dowitcher. Ruff. Belted Kingfisher. American Sparrow Hawk. American Hawk Owl. Skylark. Cowbird. Baltimore Oriole. Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Red-bellied Woodpecker. Henslow's Soarrow. Blue Grosbeak. Blue Winged Warbler. Kentucky Warbler. Brown Thrasher. Long-billed Marsh Wren. Double-Crested Comorant. Water Thrush. Carolina Wren. White-breasted Nuthatch. REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM, i; Tufted Titmouse. Cerulean Warbler. Pine Warbler. Canadian Warbler. House Wren. Pintail. Brown-headed Nuthatch. Purple Finch. Glaucous Scull. Northern Parula Warbler. Carolina Chickadee. Rose-breasted Nuthatch. Leach's Petrel. White-crowned Sparrow. Semi-palmated Plover. Mocking Bird. Wood Thrush. Cardinal Bird. Green Heron. Black-crowned Night Heron. Ruffled Grouse. English Sparrow. White-bellied Sparrow. King Fisher. American Redstart. Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Red-eyed Viero. Bank Swallow. Grass Finch. Blue Bird. Chebec. Wood Pewee. Chipping Sparrow. Goldfinch. Summer Yellow Bird. American Crow. Red-shouldered Hen Hawk. Song Sparrow. Black & White Creeping Warbler. Chestnut-sided Warbler, Cedar Bird. American Robin. Crimson Finch. Wilson Thrush. Indigo Bird. Goldfinch. Whip-poor-Will. Red-eyed Vireo. Brown Thrush. King Bird. Yellow Warbler. Blue Jay. Maryland Yellow Throat. Red-winged Blackbird. Black-billed Cuckoo. Oven Bird. Bam Swallow. Phoebe. Baltimore Oriole. Cat Bird. Chick-a-dee. Flicker. Bobolink. Eave Swallow. Downy Woodpecker. MAMMALS. Fawn. Albino Virginia Deer. 2 Red Squirrels. Weasel. 2 Moles. FISH. Gar Fish. Prof. Austin C. Apgar died March 4th, 1908. Three years have passed. When his death came so suddenly the thoughts that occurred to every one were of how much he would be missed from the different activities with which he had been so intimately associated: the Normal School where he had taught for over forty years, the scientific associations with which he had worked, the authors' circle in which he had been an 2 MUS iS REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. attractive figure, the church where lie had worshiped, and the social circle that he had illumined. The three years that have passed have given opportunity for the emotions of grief to soften and yield a [)lace to the clearing recognition of his actual service in bringing the public mind to a better understanding of that which is — relatively speaking — of real value in education. Prof. Apgar came to his thoughtful period in young manhood at a time when the general character of education in all of the schools was largely abstract, categorical, given to symbols. Very much time was spent in calling letters and sounds and words in language and numbers and problems in mathematics and in talking a great deal about traditions and fancies that had come as an inheritance to the schools from the old philosophies and fictions, and very little time was given to the study in any satisfactory manner of the real problems with which the pupil was surrounded and w'hich were to make up the substance of his actual life. Prof. Apgar's young mind had what would be termed a prac- tical bent. He w^as born "close to nature" in a country place. The first objects that presented themselves to his awakening senses were the trees, the flowers, the birds, and the animals of the field, and the first problems that presented themselves to his mind were the solution of the uses of these objects of nature. He as naturally turned to these problems as a flower turns its face to the sun. It should be said of him that he was never a student of books, always a student of nature. Others went on field excursions as a matter of theory, and for the accomplish- ment of a special purpose. He was born in the fields. He could not tear himself from them, and his greatest delight was in lead- ing others to them. There is at this time a large and growing demand for a more practical education, a nearer approach to real things, whether in mechanics, agriculture, horticulture, or social organization. As one studies and appreciates this demand and lends his sympathy and support to it, how Prof. Apgar's practices and teachings come back with renewed force and significance. His plant les- sons, in which the children were taught to see the actual processes REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. 19 of germination, what moisture in fertilization and soil conditions meant to growing vegetation, were suggestions of the greater movements and activities of the universities and scientific socie- ties of to-day in their efforts through the pure food laws, and so forth, to establish through chemical analyses the values of fertil- izers in restoring the exhausted qualities oi the soils, and in producing through irrigation, grafting, exchanging of seeds, and so on, the adaptation of conditions to needs, and the relations of soils to products. This illustration of the suggestiveness of his work in plant life was paralleled in his studies of animal life, their foods, their habits, their uses. Prof. Apgar belonged to the school of instructors who are now classed as formalists simply because they were really the dis- coverers and found it necessary to spend much time in naming and classifying the various objects of interest. In this capacity he was a pioneer in bringing to notice very much of that wdiich is now recognized as true of the flora, the plants, the trees, and the fish life, and birds and other animals of our State, but over and above what he did in contributing to the benefits of mankind in directing- them to see real uses and real adaptation, his person- ality will stand out in his recognition of real art in nature, and of the Divine Being in his works. James M. Green. Prof. Apgar was one of the strongest advocates and promo- ters for the establishment of the New Jersey State Museum. He was one of the best and most successful educators New Jersey has ever had. As the head of the Department of Birds and Flora, he did very excellent work in this department of the Mu- seum. As a true friend and an enthusiastic worker, we have known him personally for more than forty-five years. None knew him but to love him. His death was a great loss to the State and to the IMuseum. S. R. MORSE, Ciirator. PART II (21) THE PLANTS SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY With Especial Reference to the FLORA OF THE PINE BARRENS And the Geographic Distribution of the Species By WITMER STONE Curator Academy of Natural Sciences ot Philadelphia, Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union, Member Philadelphia Botanical Club. TRENTON, N. J. 1911. ^,75 . /O PREFACE. The writer began his botanical studies in Chester County, Pennsylvania, under the guidance of the classic Flora Ccstrica of Dr. Darlington, and was fairly familiar with the plant life of this portion of the Piedmont country before he ever visited the Coastal Plain to the eastward. The first trip to the Pine Bar- rens, at Egg Harbor City, July 21, 1889, he will probably never forget. It was one oif those delightful little excursions of botanists which, once a week, left Philadelphia for a day's tramp, under the leadership of the late Dr. J. Bernard Brinton. Nearly everything was new, and the contrast between the flow- ers of this wonderful Pine country and the moTe prosaic flora of Pennsylvania's agricultural district made an impression and started an inquiry that were largely responsible for the produc- tion oi the present volume. Other work, however, interfered for some years with the prosecution of botanical studies of any sort, and it remained for a joint meeting of the Philadelphia and Torrey Botanical Clubs, at Toms River, July 4th, 1900, to provide the stimulus which led to definite plans for a Flora of the Pine Barrens. The interim had witnessed a wonderful change in the status of American botany. The Illustrated Flora had appeared, and under its stim- ulus botanists were even daring tO' find new species right at home and to describe them as new, without regard to what Gray's Manual might have to say on the subject. The old solid board field-presses, covered with oilcloth and provided with carpet-bag handles, which had superseded the historic vasculum at the time of the Egg Harbor trip, had been supplanted by light slat presses, and, instead of carrying into the field twenty- five felt dryers and a like number of folders and exhausting one's gray matter in deciding just which twenty-five plants we should select for specimens, we now carried afield only folders (25) 26 REPORT OF Xl-W J^:KSI^^" ST.\T1<: MUSEUM. or sing"le sheets, but cnoug-li to enable us to preserve 150 speci- mens, if necessary. The writer's collections and notes on the South Jersey plants accuiiuilalcd rapidly, and the arrangement of the data was for- tunately well under way when Professor Morse offered to pub- lish them, as part of his annual Museum Report. The basis of the present work is the field work of the author and his friends, the South Jersey material in the herbaria listed l^elow and the published records contained in the several lx)tanical works dealing w^ith the region. Wherever possible, an actual her- barium specimen is cited for every locality mentioned under each species, so' that questions of correct identification can readily be settled in the future by consulting this material. This plan has been followed even in the cases of common species, since general statements leave much to be desired that is sometimes supplied by actual records. The number O'f records is, however, no index to the relative abundance of a species, this matter being covered by the preliminary statement based upon much additional field data. The statements regarding the occurrence and abundance of the wide-ranging species in northern New Jersey, are taken direct from Britton's Catalogue. Published records not backed by actual specimens cannot well be ignored, and they have, in nearly all cases, been included in the text. When they have been proven to be wrong, or seem exceedingly doubtful, they are referred to in foot-notes, and where there seems nO' reason to question their accuracy they are included with the other rec- ords, but distinctly marked as tO' their source. In rare cases of exceedingly difficult groups where such records are of no par- ticular additional value to the definite knowledge already pos- sessed, and where the exact application O'f the names used is in doubt, they have been omitted. IvIST OF HERBARIA. Academy of Natural Sciences. — The Local Herbarium cov- ering roughly an area of seventy miles around Philadelphia, was begun in 1891, upon the founding of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, bv the donation of a collection belonging to Isaac C. Mar- PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 27 tindale, one of the founders of the club. The members imme- diately began to contribute specimens, the most important South Jersey collections coming from J. H. Grove, of New Egypt; Charles D. Lippincott, of Swedesboro; and Benjamin Heritage, of Mickleton ; other contributors being Dr. J. Bernard Brinton, Albrecht Jahn, Charles S. Williamson. Soon after, Dr. Ida A. Keller presented her entire local her- barium. Of later years, extensive collections were made by Sam'l S'. VanPelt and Bayard Long, while numerous contributions were received from Edwin B. Bartram, Dr. John W. Eckfeldt, W. A, Poyser, Henry A. Lang, Francis W. Pennell, Stewardson Brown, George W. Bassett, Witmer Stone. Upon the death of the veteran botanist, Mr. Charles E. Smith, his entire collection of local plants was bequeathed to the Academy and added to the herbarium. The general herbarium of the Academy contained New Jersey material collected by all the famous botanists from the time of Nuttall and Pursh down, but outside of Nuttall's collection and those of S. ^^''. Conrad, of Burlington, and Dr. Joseph Carson, and W. Wynne Wister, there were probably no complete her- baria, the specimens being duplicates or special donations. Such material was received from Diffenbaugh, Pickering, Read, Du- rand, Z. Collins, A. H. Smith, Canby, Parker, and Burk. Later on, the valuable local herbaria of Stewardson Brown, Joseph Crawford and Alexander MacElwee, were presented to the Academy, all rich in South Jersey material, while C. F. Saunders presented a number of specimens. In 1910 and 191 1, all of the local material in the general her- bai^um was incorporated in the local herbarium, which has thus become one of the most complete and extensive local collections in America. Since 1903, this local herbarium has been under the care of Mr. S. S. VanPelt, aided during the past two years by Mr. Bay- ard Long, both of whom volunteered their services and have brought the collection tO' its present high standard. The thou- sands of plants which they have themselves collected, and which Mr. Van Pelt has so carefully mounted, are unsurpassed as her- barium specimens. 28 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. The South Jersey material contained in this herbarium lias been carefully estimated at 14,000 sheets. For permission to avail myself of its riches, I am under obligations to the Academy and the Club and for various aid and assistance, to Mr. Steward- son Brown, Conservator of the Botanical Section in charge of the Academy's herbaria, and to Messrs. VanPelt and Long. Princeton University. — Comprises the collection of Mr. Charles F. Parker, one of the best authorities on the flora of the Pine Barrens, and a number of other New Jersey plants, received from various sources. Mr. Parker's herbarium contains probably 3,000 specimens from the region covered by the present report, including nearly all those w hich served as the basis for the records published in Britton's catalogue, on the authority of Parker. The majority of the specimens were carefully examined, especially those mentioned by Britton. For this privilege I am indebted to Prof. George Macloskie. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. — This contains the herba- rium of Mr. Isaac Martindale, containing a great many New Jersey specimens, only a small portion examined. \University of Pennsylvania. — This herbarium contains the private herbaria of Dr. Jostph Leidy, Dr. J. Bernard Brinton, Isaac Burk, all of them rich in South Jersey plants, and valuable collections made by Dr. J. M. Macfarlane and Dr. John W. Harshberger. There are approximately 3,500 specimens from our region. For permission to examine this collection I am indebted to the last twO' gentlemen. New Jersey Geological Survey. — This herbarium, preserved at New Brunswick, consists of some 5,000 sheets, probably half of them from our area, and forms the basis of Dr. N. L. Britton's catalogue of New Jersey plants published by the survey in 1883. Prof. B. D. Halstead gave me every facility for making a careful examination of the collection. State Museum, Trenton, N. J. — Two important herbaria be- long to this institution. ( i ) That of Mr. C. S. Gross, formerly of Landisville, containing about 2,000 sheets of plants from this vicinity, Pancoast, Pleasant Mills, Mays Landing, etc. (2) That of Prof. Austin. P. Apgar, fo^rmerly of Trenton. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 29 Torrey Botanical Club. — Contains probably 2,000 sheets from within our range. Wit liter Stone. — A local herbarium containing 5,000 sheets of southern New Jersey plants, obtained during the past ten years. Many of the collections were made in company with Mr. Van Pelt and other members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, and much O'f the material is duplicated in the Academy's herbarium. Bayard Long. — A herbarium oi the plants of Long Beach Island, comprising 2,000 specimens. Most of Mr. Long's collec- tions have been presented to the Academy, but this series he has retained for study. Benjamin Heritage. — Contains a full series of plants from the country about Mickleton and a number from other parts of our region. Charles D. Lippincott. — A fine series of the plants of Swedes- boiro and vicinity and many from; other parts of southern New Jersey. 0. H. Brown. — A very full collection of the plants of lower Cape May County, probably 2,500 specimens. Portions of the herbaria of Dr. TJios. S. Githens, of Philadel- phia (since presented to the Academy) ; Dr. Joseph Stokes, of Moorestown; Messrs. M. and A. N. Leeds, and Mr. C. S. Wil- liamson, of Philadelphia, have also been examined. Number of sheets of southern New Jersey plants examined in connection with the preparation of this report : Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 14,000 Herbarium of Witmer Stone, 5.000 N. J. State Herbarium, New Brunswick, 2,000 N. J. State Herbarium, Trenton, i.ooo Herbarium Torrey Botanical Club, 1,000 Herbarium of Princeton University, 2,000 Herbarium of University of Pennsylvania, 2,000 Herbarium of Bayard Long 2,000 Herbarium of Chas. D. Lippincott, 1,000 Herbarium of Benj. Heritage, 1,000 Herbarium of O. H. Brown, 1,000 Herbaria of Dr. Thos. S. Githens and others, 1,000 33,000 30 REPORT OF NEW^ JKRwSEY STATE MUSEUM. Aluch field work lias l)ecn planned and carried laii in connec- tion with the preparation of this report, which has resulted in the addition of many thousands of specimens to the herbaria of the Philadelphia Academy and the writer, and added greatly to his understanding- of the several botanical regions hei^e con- sidered and tlieir relationships. At the time of Dr. Brinton's weekly field trips, certain historic localities were visited year after year, wuth the object of obtain- ing special desirable species known tO' occur there. The distribu- tion of the various plants appealed more especially to the writer, and he realized the necessity of broader field work in order to secure data for this line of study. He therefore made efforts to visit as many new localities each year as possible, selecting spots that from their location on the map looked promising. This work was ably seconded later by Messrs. S. S. Van Pelt and Bayard Long. Some oi these excursions proved barren of results, but the majority added many additional stations for plants hitherto knowai from only a few localities. The collecting of common species was prosecuted quite as diligently as the search for rarities, since the herbaria w'ere lamentably w-eak in their representation of w^ell-known plants. The collecting of series of specimens of the same species was not considered de- sirable in the old days, and the writer w^ell remembers his good friend and preceptor, Mr. John H. Redfield,* conservator of the Academy's botanical collections, carefully examining the herba- rium to see if there miight be room on- a sheet to mount an additional duplicate that had been recently obtained. If there were not, the specimen was generally rejected rather than use up a new sheet of mounting paper. One cannot but wonder what the older botanists would have thought oi the vast herbaria of to-day, in w'hich "genus covers" have been supplanted by "species covers," so rapidly has material accumulated. The accompanying map will show approximately the countiy covered bv the field work of Messrs. Van Pelt. Long and the * 1815-1895. To ]\Ir. Redfielcl's generous care the preservation of the many valuable herbaria at the Academy is largely due. He devoted many years of his life gratuitously to their care and arrangement at a time .when such attention was imperative. Cf. Torrey Bull. XX. 162 for sketch of his life. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 31 writer, from 1900 to 19 10, inclusive. Some localities were visited many times and at all seasons, others only once or twice, but constantly increasing- knowledge of the conditions governing plant life in this region, usually made it possible tO' determine Avhether or not additional trips were worth while. K.AI'J'^' ^y' BAY- Fig. I. — -Field work of Messrs. Van Pelt, Long and Stone, 1900-1910, indi- cated by heavy black lines. Circles indicate ground covered by resident botanists. The north central and northeastern portions of our area have been least studied, mainly because of their remoteness from Philadelphia, and also because their flora has but little Ijearing upon that of the Pine Barrens, with which this report is more 32 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. especially concerned. Further exploration of iii)per Monmouth and Burlington Counties would probably only adtl to the number of stations for the more boreal species, known to straggle down into the coastal plain, and would increase our knowledge of the true flora of the latter region but little. At certain stations within our range we have been fortunate enough to have resident botanists who have become authorities on the plants of their home neighborhood, and who, by their collections (referred to above) and cordial co-operation, have rendered valuable assistance in this work — Messrs. J. H. Grove, of New Egypt; Benjamin Heritage, of Mickleton; Charles D. Lippincott, of Swedesboro; George W. Bassett, of Hammonton, and O. H. Brown, of Cape May. The writer has made a rather exhaustive study of the flora about Medford, where, in conjunction with some fellow-natural- ists, he has maintained a cabin camp for some ten years past, to which trips of two to four days' duration have been made at all seasons of the year and 750 specimens collected. Mr. Bayard Long has made a similar study of the flora of Long Beach Island, where he has a summer home. Some log days have been spent here during- the past few years and a collection of 2,000 specimens obtained. Several wagon trips from Medford to the Plains have been taken by the writer and some fellow-naturalists, one of a week's duration, others of two or three days, and two visits of several days' duration were made to Farmingdale in May and July, 19 10, by Messrs. S. Brown, B. Long, VanPelt and Stone, of the Phila- delphia Botanical Club, and Mr. Norman Taylor, of the Torrey Club. With the exception of the above the collecting- trips have been one-day affairs. Trips made by Messrs. Long, VanPelt and Stone during the past ten years number 329; some were indi- vidual trips, others were participated in by two or three, while additional members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club often took part, especially Messrs. Stewardson Brown, Charles S. William- son, Dr. J. W. Eckfeldt, Francis W. Pennell, George W. Bassett and O. H. Brown, tO' all of whom the writer is indebted for valu- able assistance. PLA^^TS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 33 The writer has also traveled over all the railroads traversing South Jersey, and car-window data and general note-book records of conspicuous species have been used as supplementary evi- dence in estimating- abundance in the general statements accom- panying each species. The entire series of South Jersey plants in the Academy her- l^arium was gone over critically by the writer in 1908, and subse- quently much of this material has been reviewed by Mr. Bayard Long and many difficult groups have been worked over by one or both of the above. Other questions of the identity oi various South Jersey species have been investigated by members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, whose work has been of the greatest benefit to the writer. In this connectiort, too, he must express his indebtedness to a number of botanists who have directly or in- directly aided his work by identifying material sent to them or by examining specimens in their institutions — Prof. M. L. Fernald, Dr. B. L. Robinson, Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. J. K. Small, Mr. Norman Taylor, Mr. A. S. Hitchcock, Mrs. Agnes Chase, Mr. K. K. Mackenzie. The statements on the time of flowering and fruiting of each species have been drawn up almost entirely by Mr. Bayard Long from the Academv Herbarium, his own and that of the writer. The results form an exceedingly valuable contribution to a sub- ject that is too often treated loosely and accompanied by little or no original research. Mr. Long has prepared some account of the methods employed and the objects sought in this investiga- tion, which will be found on p. 115. As explained beyond (p. 70), ecologic problems have neces- sarily received scant attention, the aim of the work being to present facts of distribution from a geographic point of view for all plants of the region as a necessary preliminary to more com- prehensive discussions of both geographic and ecologic distribu- tion in the future. While a local flora such as the present one is of the greatest assistance to the student, it is impossible to expect it to take the place of a Manual. Every botanist must have access to either Britton' s Manual, the new Gray's Manual or one of the more 3 MUS 34 Kl'.IIORT OF NEW JERSK.V STATE MUSEUM. popular works of like character. The present work is to be re- garded as supplementary to these, to show exactly what species are present in southern New Jersey and their distribution and relative abundance. Popular or historical accounts of some of the more striking- or noted species are added, however, and to meet the request of the Museum authorities, keys, which are in some cases unavoidably based on the same characters as those of the manuals, but in others largely original and supplementary to the latter have been prepared, and vernacular names given for each species. So far as the resources of the library of the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences of Philadelphia have permitted, the original place of publication has been looked up, the reference verified and the type locality stated. Where the latter is general or where several localities are mentioned no attempt has been made to sift the matter to the bottom, since this usually involves the selection or examination of a type specimen, as so admirably explained in Hitchcock's paper on the types of North American grasses and in the monograph of the genus Panicum by Hitchcock and Chase. About one hundred additional references to volumes not in Philadelphia were verified at the New York Botanical Garden wnth the courteous aid of Dr. J- H. Barnhart, and a few others at Cambridge by Prof. M. L. Fernald. Only one refer- ence remains unverified (p. 527). As to nomenclature the botanist in America, at least, is on the horns of a dilemma. He can follow- either the Vienna Code* or the American Code.f Should he be also a zoologist he will prob- ably find it quite impossible to accept certain of the features of these codes which are at variance with the International Zoologi- cal Code (virtually identical with the A. O. U. Code). The broad problems of Zoological and Botanical nomencla- ture are identical. The zoologists have been "playing the game" seriously, longer than the botanists, and it seems logical to infer that, with the same tools to work with and the same object in view, men of the same intellectual ability w-ill eventually adopt * Cf. Rhodora, March, 1907, pp. 29-55. tCf. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, April, 1907, pp. 167-178. PLANTS OF SOUTHERIN NEW JERSEY. 35 the same methods. In a great many particulars tlie recent botani- cal codes are already in accord with those framed by zoologists. The principal points in which they differ are as follows : I. The Vienna Code believes in a list of generic "Nomina Con- servenda" which shall be excluded from the operations of the law of priority. Such reservation is not allowed by the Ameri- can or the Zoological Codes, and is contrary to the basic prin- ciple of our rules governing nomenclature. II. The Vienna Code does not recognize the principle of types which constitutes the only possible basis for a stable nomencla- ture. in. The Vienna Code places species and sub-species on differ- ent planes, so that a plant may bear one name if it is recognized as a species and another if it is called a sub-species. This plan was long ago rejected by zoologists and was not adopted by the original American Botanical Code, although the later one has followed the Vienna Code in this respect, a distinctly retrograde step, in the opinion of the writer. In the present report no attempt has been made to revise the nomenclature. The names given in Britton's Manual have been adopted except where changes have been suggested in subse- quent publications. In such instances an investigation has been made into the merits of the proposed change and a decision reached in accordance with the American Botanical Code, except in the treatment of species and sub-species in separate categories, a most pernicious rule which botanists will in all probability ulti- mately reject. The original spelling of each name has also been followed except in the case of obvious typographical errors, and all specific names have been written with a lower case initial let- ter, according to the custom prevalent among zoologists, while only one authority, the authority of the specific or subspecific name has been given. In the matter of genera considerable diversity of opinion exists as to how many it is desirable to admit, but no departure has here been made from those recognized in Britton's Manual. The ques- tion is wholly one of individual opinion and involves the problem of just what use we propose to make of technical nomenclature. The more sub-genera we raise to generic rank the less meaning 36 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. do the names convey to tlie general botanist, as tlie mind's capacity for retaining names is limited. On the other hand, if we wish to recognize every group wdiich shows any slight difference of structure by a distinct generic name, we are building our nomenclature on a purely evolutionary basis ; we are emphasiz- ing differences rather than resemblances between groups, and the generic name becomes less and less a clue to the systematic posi- tion of the plants which it comprises. Phylogenetic relationships can be expressed just as well by sub-generic headings in manuals, etc., and it is a serious question whether the objects of a generic name are not better attained if it is used in as broad a sense as possible. The synonymy given under each species consists of the cita- tion of the original place of publication, w-ith the type locality in all cases wdiere the reference has been personally verified, and all published references to the plant in southern New Jersey, mainly in Pursh's Flora, Michaux's Flora, Nuttall's Genera, Bar- ton's Flora and the catalogues of Knieskern, Willis, Britton, and Keller & Brown. In the last, as well as in the works of Barton and Willis, many general statements occur which are evidently in- tended to cover southern New Jersey, but unless this region is especially mentioned these references are not cited, since the state- ments are based largely upon conditions farther north or on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware, and do not apply at all to the region under consideration. Not a few of Dr. Britton's general statements, too, while doubtless true for the northern part of the State, are quite erroneous for our region. The illustrations are, all of them, made especially for this w^ork. The full-page plates are from beautiful water-color paintings by Mr. Hugh E. Stone, which unfortunately lose much of their force in half-tone reproduction. Mr. Stone also prepared the line drawings. The smaller figures and view^s are from photographs taken by Messrs. Stew^ardson Brown, T. M. Lightfoot and Bayard Long, while the cones, grasses and sedges were photo- graphed from specimens under the author's supervision. To all those mentioned in the above pages, especially to Mr. Bayard Long, the writer wishes to express his obligations, as PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 2>7 well as to Mr. Silas R. Morse, Curator of the New Jersey State Museum, for his assistance and encouragement. Owing to the extremely short time available for the final prepa- ration of the manuscript and the rapidity with which it was put through the press, many minor errors and inconsistencies have, no doubt, crept in, which would have been avoided had there been more time for revision. Many additional records have also come to light too late to be included, but a work of this kind is never complete, and if it paves the way for more thorough work along similar lines, its purpose will have been accomplished. Wither Stone. September i, 1911. INTRODUCTION. The object of this report is to present a complete list of the native plants known to grow in the coastal plain region of New Jersey, or, more exactly, in that part of the State lying south of the northern boundaries of Burlington and Monmouth counties, together with an outline of their distribution within this area and some account of the characteristics, habitat and history of the more important species. The demand for such a report is threefold: (i.) It supplies to teachers and students a local botany, to be used in conjunction with the general botanical manual, which m.ust be in the hands of all; showing them exactly which of the plants described in the more general work are to be found in southern New Jersey, and in what sections they should be looked for. (2.) It presents to botanists of New Jersey and elsewhere a study in geographical distribution, which may be used in connec- tion with similar reports from other parts of the country in solving the more general problems of the distribution of life. (3.) It places on permanent record the present condition and history of one of the most interesting botanical areas in the United States ; which is still one of the most extensive areas in the Middle States left in primeval condition, but which is rapidly undergoing the inevitable changes incident to deforestation, cul- tivation and settlement — the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. LIFE ZONES AND EEORAE BEETS OE EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.* It was the original intention to consider in this report only the flora of the Pine Barrens, but it soon became evident that a * Cf. C. Hart Merriam, Geographic Distribution of Life in North America, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VII, 1-64, 1892. Laws of Temperature Control of the Geographic Distribution of Terrestrial Animals and Plants, Nat. Geog. Mag., 1894, 229-238. Geographic Distribution of Animals and Plants in North America, Year Book U. S. Dept. Agr. 1894, 203-214. J. A. Allen, Geographic Distribution of North American Mammals, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, 199-244, 1892. (39) 40 k1':p()rt of nhw ji-:rsk.\ state mlsicum. proper undcrslamling of its nature involved a thorousj^h knowl- cdLje of the plants of the contiguous areas which, together with it, constitute the coastal plain section of the state. Furthermore, as it is necessary in a detailed study of distribution to have some definite boundary line, the limit above mentioned was selected While this does not exactly coincide with the upper edge of the coastal plain, it comes quite close to it and does not include any of the higher ground above the fall line. The coastal plain extends north of Burlington and Monmouth Counties to a line connecting Trenton and Bound Brook, thence to Passaic and Hackensack behind the Palisades, and includes all the low country adjacent to the Hackensack marshes as well as Staten Island, part of Long Island and the immediate coast district of southern New England. In New Jersey this involves parts of Mercer, Middlesex, Union, Hudson, Essex, Passaic and Bergen Counties, and, while the ranges of many southern New Jersey plants touch them all, the higher parts of these counties harbor so many northern plants that to include them would be confusing. Moreover, no southern plants occur in this northern extension of the coastal plain which do not also occur south of our boundary line. This coastal plain region of New Jersey has always attracted the attention of naturalists because of the striking differences that are presented by its flora and fauna as compared with those of the higher ground of the Piedmont country to the north and west of it. Pennsylvanians often liken it to a bit of the Southern States that has been transported northward. Its climate in winter is certainly milder; there is rarely a heavy snowfall, and what does fall soon disappears, while many southern species of plants and insects and a few birds and mammals are found there which are unknown to the west of Philadelphia or elsewhere beyond the fall line. It may seem incongruous to find a "southern flora and fauna" by going eastward, as we do in the vicinity of Philadelphia, but this is easily explained when we examine a map of the life zones of North America. As Dr. Merriam has shown, temperature is one of the chief — if not the chief — factors in fixing the bound- aries of these zones. If the surface of the earth were level, they PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 41 would encircle the globe like the parallels of latitude — the trop- ical zone at the equator, followed by the austral, transition, boreal and arctic as we pass toward the north pole. The inter- vention of a mountain chain, like the Alleghanies, however, run- ning in a general way at right angles to the life zones, materially alters their direction. The higher elevations carry the boreal zone far southward, while the other zones, covering successively lower altitudes, naturally run parallel to the general direction of the mountains. We therefore find ( i ) that the Boreal zone of Canada and upper Maine is in evidence on the higher mountain tops all the way to western North Carolina, the elevation neces- sary to support it becoming higher and higher as we go south- ward; (2) the Transition (Alleghanian) zone of our northern tier of States, which covers most of New England and New York, spreads southward over all of central Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey, and follows the mountains on both slopes to North Carolina, northern Georgia and eastern Tennessee; (3) the Upper Austral (Carolinian) zone, covering Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, sweeps southward, rounding the lower extremity of the Alleghanies, and then, bending northward again, flanks the Transition all the way to southeastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey, sending up terminal arms into the valleys of the Susquehanna, Delaware, Hudson and Connecticut rivers, cover- ing Staten Island and western Long Island, and leaving its trace on the southern coast of New England. Below the Carolinian lies the Lower Austral zone (Austro-riparian), which covers the region between the seashore and a line drawn from the mouth of the Potomac to middle Georgia; thence it bends northward to the juncture of the Ohio and Mississippi, and thence southwest. The Cape Charles peninsula belongs to this zone, and a slight tinge is seen in the plant and bird life of southern Delaware and possibly of extreme southwestern New Jersey. Consequently, with the life zones running northeast and south- west, we experience the same sequence of animal and plant life in traveling from the higher Alleghanies of Pennsylvania to the seacoast of southern New Jersey as we do in coming from Maine southward at sea level. 42 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. RKI.ATIONSIIIP BETWEEN THE FLORA OE THE COASTAL PLAIN AND THAT OE THE PIEDMONT REGION. The line separating the coastal plain from the Piedmont region to the west of it is known as the fall line and is marked through- out its extent by a more or less abrupt change of level. As already stated there is an appreciable difference in climatic con- ditions as we pass east or west of this line, and a more striking difference in soil conditions, the coastal plain being for the most part covered with sand and gravel in marked contrast to the heavier soils of the Piedmont. There are also frequent rock outcrops and rapid tumbling streams in the latter region, which are entirely lacking in the flat stretches of southern New Jersey. Historically, too, there are ample reasons for differences between I he two regions, as the vastly older land of the Piedmont area was undoubtedly covered with vegetation before the coastal plain was elevated above the sea. Hence it is not surprising that we should find a decided differ- ence in the plant life of these two areas. In the life-zone maps issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, and based mainly upon the distribution of birds and mammals, we shall notice that the line of demarcation be- tween the Transition and Carolinian Zones is much further back towards the mountains than the line separating the coastal plain flora from that of the uplands. It is, however, well known that Carolinian birds and mammals are everywhere taking advantage of deforestation and cultivation to push northward, so that it is quite conceivable that the tv/o lines may have been much more nearly identical in Pennsylvania and New Jersey under primeval conditions. Whether the fall line ever did form the boundary between the faunal zones, there is no question but that it still marks a great change in plant life. Farther south, however, it seems that a great many coastal plain plants range far west of the fall line, so that its effect upon distribution is less potent southward or else it coincides in the north more nearly with a line of demarcation in plant life due to other influences. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 43 In plant distribution we have to reckon with other factors in addition to temperature, which are only indirectly instrumental in the distribution of vertebrate animals or are not at all in evidence. ( I ) Soil conditions play a very important part in the distribu- tion of plants, and (2) the past geological changes in the region, which necessarily caused great alterations in the ranges of both animals and plants, have often left their mark in the isolated colonies of plants still found in spots far removed from the present general habitat of the species, while in the case of free moving animals such cases are rare. It should also be borne in mind that the life-zones of to-day are not permanently fixed, but are constantly and gradually changing, and oftentimes man accelerates these changes very materially by clearing forests, draining swamps, etc.* The flowering and filicoid plants of the New Jersey coastal plain comprise 1373! species. Of this number no less than 807 are more or less common in the Piedmont region. They are either of boreal affinities or plants adapted to richer, heavier soil, and have spread southeastward across the fall line into the northern and western portions of the New Jersey coastal plain, where many of them are still rare or only locally common, some of them being restricted to the immediate vicinity of the Dela- ware River. Only 181 of them reach the Pine Barrens, and of these only 80 are at all abundant, these being species of wide range. On the other hand, 91 species of austral affinities, which are widely distributed over the coastal plain, occur also more or less abundantly in the Piedmont region northwest of the fall line, though they vary greatly both in abundance and in the extent of their distribution westward. The remaining 475 species are restricted to the coastal plain except for sporadic occurrences here and there in the Piedmont * Cf. Trotter, Geological and Geographical Relations of the Land Bird, Fauna of Northeastern America. The Auk, 1909, p. 231-233 (especially p. 230). t The figures given here and beyond vary slightly from the actual number of species in the list, as a few have been added and a few relegated to foot- notes or excluded entirelv since this count was made. 44 kl*:port oi^^ new jersey state museum. region, where ccrlain buy.yy spots seem to fiiniisli the necessary conditions for the support of isolated colonies of coastal plain species. Quite a number of these lowland plants range right up to the fall line, occurring more or less plentifully in Pennsyl- vania on the strip of land lying Ijetwecn the Delaware River and the fall line, especially in Tinicum township. Delaware County, and about Bristol and Tulhtown, in Bucks County. Among them may be mentioned : Lycopodium chapmanii. " alopecuroides. Woodwardia virginica. " areolata. Chamaecyparis thyoides. Erianthus saccharoides. Andropogon corymbosus abbrcviatus. Panicum verrucosum. " scoparium. Calamagrostis cinnoides. Eragrostis pectinacea. Uniola laxa. Cyperus lancastriensis. Eriophorum virginicum. Eleocharis tricostata. Rynchospora cymosa. Scleria reticularis torreyana. Carex folliculata. " barrattii. " caroliniana. " leptalca harperi. Xyris torta. Juncus dichotomus. " scirpoides. Liliuni superbum. Smilax tamnifolia. Iris prismatica. Pogonia ophioglossoides. Betula populifolia. Quercus phellos. " triloba. Magnolia virginiana. Drosera longifolia. " rotundifolia. Liquidambar styraciflua. Spiraea tomentosa. Rubiis cuneifolius. Meibomia laevigata. Strophostylus helvolus. Polygala cruciata. Crotonopsis linearis. Euphorbia ipecacuanhas. Ilex glabra. Hibiscus moscheutos. Ascyrum stans. " hypericoides. Hypericum adpressum. " virgatum ovalifolium. " gyninanthum. Viola brittoniana. rafinesquii. Ludwigia spa^rocarpon. Oenothera laciniata. Kneiffia longipedicellata. Oxypolis rigidior. Clethra alnifolia. Leucothoe racemosa. Pieris mariana. Arctostaphjdos uva-ursi. Sabatia gracilis. Limnanthemum lacunosum. Asclcpias rubra. Monarda punctata. Linaria canadensis. Gratiola aurea. Gerardia purpurea. Utricularia inflata. Lobelia nuttallii. Eupatorium verbensefolium. " pubesccns. Solidago neglecta. Euthamia caroliniana. Aster novi-belgii. Bidens trichosperma. Senecio crowfordii. Carduus spinosissimus. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 45 Certain coastal plain species occur a short distance above the fall line along' river valleys, and while this is not particularly noticeable on the smaller streams flowing into the Delaware from eastern Pennsylvania, it is obvious along the Delaware River itself for some distance north of Trenton, where Dr. Britton has recorded a number of coastal plain species in his Catalogue of Nezv Jersey Plants. In the valley of the lower Susquehanna also a number of species occur witliin the limits of Pennsylvania, which do not range so far northward elsewhere except in the New Jersey coastal plain. Their distribution is, of course, more or less con- tinuous down the shores of Chesapeake Bay to the coastal plain in Mai'}dand ; while they are absent in the intervening Piedmont region of southern Pennsylvania. Such species are : Pinus echinata. Ptelea trifoliata. Cyperus lancastriensis. Chionanthus virginianus. Blephariglottis peramcena. Asimina triloba. Castanea pumila. Dianthera americana. Cercis canadensis. Lippia lanceolata. Meibomia sessilifolia. Ipomoea lacunosa. Phaseolus helvolus. Ruellia ciliosa. Opuntia opuntia. Galium concinnum. Ilex opaca. Boltonia asteroides. Rhus vernix. • Willugbaeya scandens. Euonymus atropurpureus. Tecoma radicans.* Acer negundo. Some of these, notably Cercis, occur on the upper Delaware and Raritan, quite isolated from the general range of the species to the southward, but they are everywhere plants of the hilly country near the fall line and not coastal plain species. The isolated colonies O'f coastal plain plants in the Piedmont region, already referred to, are probably not as numerous as formerly, owing tO' the g-eneral tendency tO' drain the bogs and * Other species occur in the lower Susquehanna Valley which are not known from New Jersey and are hence omitted from this list. Many of those listed are much more common in the Susquehanna Valley than in that of the Delaware, as one would expect in passing nearer to the upper limits of the coastal plain, and on the Raritan or lower Hudson all but one or two have disappeared. A few species in the list extend casually to southern New England along the coast, and a few occur in isolated colonies in other parts of southeastern Pennsylvania. 46 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. swamps which are necessary for their existence. Some, however, still sur\ive, and wc have fortunately pretty good lists of species from others which have been destroyed. Probably the most remarkable spot of this sort is Frazer's bog, near Willow Grove, Montgomery County. Here we find quite a plantation of swamp magnolias, with which grow a large number of coastal plain plants. From the boyhood of the oldest residents and still earlier, according to the reports handed down by their fathers, this bog has presented much the same condition as at present, but more recently strenu- ous efforts have been made, with but little success, to fill it in and convert it into a meadow. The flora of this bog was ap- parently first collected by Mr. C. F. Saunders, later Mr. Alex. MacElwee published some notes upon it,* and Mr. S. S. Van Pelt and Bayard Long made collections. From these sources as well as from my own herbarium the following list is compiled : Panicum lucidum. " meridionale. Calamagrostis cinnoides. Agrostis elata. Eleocharis tuberculosa. Eriophorum virginicum. Rynchospora glomerata. " alba. Scleria reticularis torreyana. Carex varia emmonsi. " interior. " atlantica. Xyris torta. Juncus scirpoides. Lilium superbum. Aletris farinosa. Blephariglottis cristata. Pogonia ophioglossoides. Limodorum tuberosum. Magnolia virginiana. Drosera rotundifolia. Rubus hispidus. Polygala cruciata. Rhus vernix. Acer nibrum carolinianum. Hypericum canadense. Triadenum virginicum. Linum striatum. Oxypolis rigidior. Gaylusaccia dumosa. Gentiana saponaria. Asclepias rubra. Gerardia purpurea. Eupatorium verbenaefolium. Aster novi-belgii. The Smithville swamp, in Lancaster County, is a somewhat similar locality, from which Prof. Porter has recorded the followine : * Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1901, pp. 485-486. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 47 Calamagrostis cinnoides. Arethusa bulbosa. Andropogon corymbosus abbreviatus. Blephariglottis ciliaris. Scleria triglomerata. Quercus marylandica. Carex oblita. Magnolia virginiana. " vestita. Linum striatum. " polymorpha. Rhus vernix. " bullata. Polygala nuttallii. Orontiuni aquaticum. Viburnum nudum. Juncus debilis. Gaylussacia dumosa. Smilax glauca. Leucothoe racemosa. Aletris farinosa. Kalmia angustifolia. Cypripedium acaule. Azalea viscosa. Pogonia ophioglossoides. Asclepias rubra. The further tabulation of the distribution of coastal plain plants in the Piedmont of Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey cannot be too highly recommended, as it is likely to throw light upon a problem of great importance. GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAE DISTRIBUTION OE THE PLANTS COMPRIS- ING THE ELORA OE THE NEW JERSEY COASTAL PLAIN. A detailed study of the 1,373 species of flowering and filicoid plants which occur in the New Jersey coastal plain shows that they are divisible into four categories.* (i) Species of wide range north and south through eastern North America and sometimes much farther — 742 species. (2) Species O'f northern affinities which reach the southern limit of their range on the Atlantic coast in or near southern New Jersey — 121 species. (3) Species of southern affinities which range north only as far as New Jersey or to the narrow extension of the coastal plain * In making up these lists and those which follow, a series of card slips was prepared, representing all the species found in the region under con- sideration. On each slip was recorded the several districts of southern New Jersey (see beyond) in which the species occurs and the northern and southern limit of its distribution in eastern North America, the latter being compiled from Britton's Manual, the new Gray's Manual, and a few recent monographs. The cards were then sorted and re-sorted into the various categories and the desired lists and figures readily obtained. As this report goes to press, a notable paper by Prof. M. L. Fernald appears in Rhodora (1911, pp. 109-162), on the Origin of the Newfoundland Flora, in which he adopts nearly the same method of contrasting the several elements 4S REPORT OI<^ NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. which is found on L(M1jl;" Islaml, X. Y., southern Connecticut and Rhode Tshuid and eastern Massachusetts — 479 species. f (4) Species of local distribution, restricted to New Jersey and portions of the immediately adjacent States lyinj;!^ within the coastal plain — 31 species. Pl.\nts of Wide R.\ngt:. — Tliesc species may l)e divided into three groups, as follows : Ranging tlironghont North America, 22 Newfoundland — New Brunswick on the north to Virginia — Florida on tlie south, 420 Maine — Vermont to Virginia — Florida, 300 As already said, many of these plants barely enter our region on the northwest, so that the lower part of New Jersey is really on the southern boundary of their range, although since they follow the trend of the mountains to the southwest the actual southern limit of their range, given in the Manuals, is far down in the southern States. The most surprising fact in the study of these ranges is the large number of plants which range from the far north all the way to Florida and yet are rare or absent in the lower part of the New Jersey coastal plain, but the brief data of the Manuals is hardly sufficient for detailed studies of distribu- tion and many of them may be cjuite as scarce in Florida as they are in southern New Jersey. The Northern Element. — A second group of our New Jersey coastal plain plants includes those which find the absolute southern limit of their range in this region or close to it. while they extend north to Maine or tlie Canadian provinces. They may be divided as follows: Canadian Provinces to New Jersey, 60 Maine to New Jersey, 18 Vermont or New Hampshire to New Jersey, 3 Canadian Provinces to Delaware or Maryland, 27 Maine to Delaware or Maryland, 13 121 as I have employed in the following pages. He likewise considers all the species native to the region, which, as I have stated elsewhere, is the only way to logically discuss the floral relationship of a district. tCf. Collins, Flora of Lower Cape Cod, Rhodora XI, 125; XH, 8; XHI, 17. and Sears, Essex Co. Mass. Rhodora X, p. 42. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. The detailed lists of species are as follows : 49 Isoetes echinosp. braunii m. Lycopodium inundatum m. Schizsea pusilla pb. Potamogeton oakesianus pb, cm. Scheuchzeria palustris M. Triglochin maritima c. Savastana odorata c. Spartina michauxiana c. Phalaris arundinacea m. Panicularia canadensis m. " obtusa M, PB, CM. " grandis m. Scirpus subterminalis pb, cm. " robustus paludosus c. Eriophorum tenellum m, pb, cm. " gracile m. Carex lanuginosa m, c. " trichocarpa m. " exilis PB. " livida PB. " canescens disjimcta m, pb. " utriculata M. " limosa m. " silicea c. Eriocaulon septangulare pb. Juncus articulatus c. " pelocarpus m, pb, cm. Sisyrinchium angustitolium c. Populus tremuloides m, c. " grandidentata m. CANADIAN PROVINCES TO NEW JERSEY.* Salix bebbiana m. " lucida c. Dondia maritima c. Chenopodium rubrum c. Moehringia lateriflora m, c. Actsea rubra m. Oxygraphis cymbalaria c. Nymphsea variegata pb. Rosa virginiana c. Dalibarda repens m. Geum strictum M. Lathyrus maritimus c. Corema conradii pb. Geranium robertianum c. Hypericum boreale c, cm. " ellipticum m. " ascyron m. Polanisia graveolens m. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi pb. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum M. Myriophyllum tenellum M, C. Glaux maritima c. Limosella tenuifolia m, c. Menyanthes trifoliata m, cm. Utricularia intermedia pb. Plantago decipiens c. Aster nemoralis pb. Solidago uniligulata pb. Xanthium commune m. Isoetes canadensis m. Potamogeton confervoides pb, c Muhlenbergia foliosa m. Panicularia laxa m. Sporobolus serotinus pb. Elymus striatus m, c. Scirpus smithii m. " " setosus M. " torreyi [Vt.] m. MAINE TO NEW JERSEY.f Carex annectens m, pb. " umbellata tonsa m, pb. " " abdita m. " festucacea brevior cm. Juncus greenii m. Chenopodium leptophyllum c. Polygonum careyi m, c. " atlanticum c. Hypericum majus m. Carex interior capillacea [N. H.] Plantago major m, c. m, pb. Eupatorium sessilifolium [Vt.] m. * The letters following the names indicate the several divisions of the New Jersey coastal plain in which they occur. See p. 57. t Those ranging only to Vt. or N. H. are so marked. 4 MUS 50 REPORT OI'^ NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. CANADIAN PROVINCES Botrychiuni iicglcctum m. Puccinellia fasciculata c. Rynchospora fusca pb, cm. Carex umbcllata m, pb, cm. " folliculata m, pb, cm. " trisperma pb. " hormathodes c, cm. Juncus militaris pb, cm. Leptorchis loeselii m, cm, c. Salix discolor m. " interior m. Betula populifolia pb. Sagina procumbens c. Alsine longifolia m. TO DELAWARE OR MARYLAND. Alsine uliginosa m. Anemone canadensis m. Potcntilla argentca m, c. Drymocallis arguta m. Vitis vulpina M. Callitriche heterophylla m. Cicuta bulbifera m. Angelica atropurpurea m. Pyrola chlorantha m. " elliptica m. " secunda m. Utricularia clandestina pb. Aster radula m. MAINE TO DELAWARE OR MARYLAND. Isoetes engelmanni [N. H.] m. Dryopteris simulata m, pb. Panicum scribnerianum m. Agrostis maritima c. Panicularia acutiflora m. Carex vestita m, cm. " lupuliformis [Vt.] m. Potentilla pumila m, c. Myriophyllum humile m, c, pb. Antennaria fallax m. " parlinii m, cm, c. Bidens connata m, c. Carduus odoratus m. The Southern Element. — The third group of Ncav Jersey coastal plain plants comprises those which find their northern limit of distribution in or near this region. They may be grouped as follows : Ranging north to N. J. From Va., 4 N. C, 6 S. C, 6 Ga 15 Fla., 133 164 So. N. Y.* R. I. orCt. Mass.f I 3 14 7 4 12 2 4 3 9 12 24 58 46 116 77 69 169 The detailed lists of species follow * Staten Island and Long Island for the most part. t Usually the immediate coast district or outlying islands. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 51 NEW JERSEY TO FLORIDA.* Lycopodium carolinianum pb. Pinus taeda cm. " serotina m, cm. Taxodium distychum cm. Coelorachis rugosa cm. Erianthus divaricatus [Ga.] pb. " saccharoides m, c, cm. Andropogon elliotii m, cm. Paspalum membranaceum m, cm. " laeve australe c, cm. " " angustifoliiim m, c, CM. " glab"atum c, cm. " plenipilum c, CM. Panicum hemitomon cm. " condensum c, cm. " anceps m, cm. " angustifolium cm. " aciculare cm. " cserulescens cm. *' ensifolium [Ga.], pb, cm. " leucothrix pb. " wrightianum cm. " oligosanthes m, pb, cm. " scabriusctilum pb. " cryptanthum pb. " polyanthes [Ga.], M, cm. " lanuginosnm c, cm, Amphicarpon amphicarpon pb, cm. Sacciolepis striata cm. Chaetochloa magna c, cm. Cenchrus tribuloides c. Aristida oHgantha m. " lanosa m, cm. Agrostis elata [Ga.], pb, cm. Calamovilfa brevipilis [N. C.] pb. Danthonia epilis pb. Gymnopogon ambiguus m, cm. " brevifolius m, cm. Pea brachyphylla [S. C.]. m, CM. Cyperus hystricinus [Ga.] m. " retrofractus M. " microdontus cm, c. " lancastriensis [Ga.] m. " pseudovegetus m. Eleocharis tortilis m, cm. " ocreata cm. Rynchospora smallii m, pb. " rariflora cm. " glomerata leptocarpa pb. " filifolia pb. " pallida [N. C.], pb, cm, " oligantha pb. " knieskernii [Va.] pb. " axillaris microcephala PB. " cymosa m, cm. Fuirena hispida c. Fimbristylis autumnalis M, PB, C, CM. Scleria pauciflora m, cm. Carex leptalea harperi m, cm. Xyris fimbriata pb. " elata cm. " arenicola pb. Eriocaulon decangulare pb, cm. " compressum pb, cm. Commelina communis mc. Juncus setaceus cm. Xerophyllum asphodeloides pb. Tofieldia racemosa pb. Uvularia nitida [S. C.] pb. Smilax tamnifolia [S. C.] pb, cm. " laurifolia pb, cm. " walteri pb, cm. Lophiola americana pb. Gymnadeniopsis Integra pb. " nivea cm. Blephariglottis cristata pb^ cm. " peramoena [Ga.] M. cm. Pogonia divaricata pb, cm. Gyrostachys prsecox pb, cm. Listera australis m, pb. Tipularia discolor m, cm. Corallorhiza wisteriana m. Myrica cerifera cm, c. Castanea pumila m. Quercus triloba m, c, cm. " michauxii m. Polygonum setaceum cm. * Species ranging only to Va., N. C., S. C., or Ga, are so marked. 52 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Polygonum cciliatuin cm. Phoradendroii flavcscens m, pb. Asiniina triloba M. Itea virginica pb, cm. Mains angustifolia cm. Prunus angustifolia M. Cercis canadensis m. .•Eschynomene virginica m. Mciboniia stricta M, pb. Lespedeza stuvei neglecta [Ga.] cm. " oblongifolia pb. Bradburya virginiana m, c. Polygala incarnata m. " mariana pb, cm. Rhus toxicodendron [Ga.] m, c. Vitis cordifolia m, c. Hypericum densiflorum pb. " gj^mnanthum [Ga.] m. Viola emarginata [Va.] m, c, cm. Rhexia aristosa [Ga.] pb. Lythrum lineare c. Ludwigiantha arcuata c. Ludvigia linearis pb. " hirtella pb, cm. CEnothera humifusa c. " laciniata mc. Eryngium aquaticum pb. Thaspium trifoliatum [Ga.] n, m. Oxj^polis rigidior longifolius [S. C] pb Dendrium buxifolium pb. Vaccinium virgatum pb. Chionanthus virginica m. Sabbatia lanceolata pb, cm. Gentiana porphyrio pb, cm. " villosa M. Obolaria virginica [Ga.] m. Lininanthcnium aquaticum M. Asclcpias rubra pb, cm. " lanceolata c. Pyxidanthera barbulata [N. C.] pb. Cuscuta cephalanthi pb. Breweria pickeringii [N. C.] pb. Lippia lanceolata C Kocllia aristata c. Gratiola pilosa m, cm. spha^rocarpa m, cm. Micranthemum micranthemoides M. Gerardia racemulosa pb. Buchnera americana [Va.] M. Melampyrum latifolium M. Utricularia juncea pb, cm. Tecoma radicans m, cm, c. Ruellia ciliosa cm. Diodia virginiana cm. Galium hispidulum cm. " pilosumpuncticulosum pb, cm. " concinnum [Va.] m. Viburnum scabrellum M. Lobelia canbyi [S. C.] pb. " puberula m, c, cm. Lactuca sagittifolia [S. C.] m. Nabalus virgatus pb. Eupatorium coelestinum M, cm. Kuhnia eupatorioides [Ga.] m. Lacinaria g. pilosa pb. c, cm. Solidago stricta pb. " fistulosa pb, c, cm. Aster gracilis [N. C.] pb, c, cm. Doellingeria umbellata humilis pb. Pluchea foetida cm. Actinomeris alternifolia M. Mesadenia reniformis [N. C.] M. Senecio tomentosa c, cm. NEW YORK TO FLORIDA. Pinus virginiana [S. C.] m. pb. cm. Andropogon littoralis c. Paspalum laeve circulare c, cm. " pubescens [Ga.] m, c. Panicum mattamusketense [N. C.] c. " lucidum PB, c, cm. Uniola laxa m, c, cm. Cyperus ovularis m, c, cm. " flavescens m, pb, c, cm. " cylindricus pb, c, cm. Eleocharis tricostata pb, cm. Rynchospora axillaris pb. Fimbristylis castanea c. Psilocarya nitens cm. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 53 Carex oblita [N. C] m, cm. " carolinensis [N C] M. Juncus scirpoides u, Cj cm. " dichotomu^ M, pb, c, cm. Zygadenus leimanthoides [Ga.] m. pb. Helonias bullata [N. C] m, pb, cm. Melanthium virginicum [Ga.] M. Chrosperma muscaetoxicum M. Quercus marilandica pb, c, cm. " phellos m, c, cm. Sesuvium maritima c. Arenaria caroliniana pb. Ranunculus pusillus m. Nymphsea advena m. Capnoides flavulum [Va.] m, cm. Cardamine rotundifolia [N. C] M. Hydrangea arborescens M. Porteranthus trifoliatus [Va.] m. Aronia arbutifolia m, pb, c, cm. Crataegus tomentusus m, pb. Stylosanthes biflora m, pb, cm. Meibomia laevigata m, cm. " viridiflora M. Galactia regularis m, pb, cm. " volubilis CM. Strophostyles umbellata m, c, cm. Ptelea trifoliata m. Polygala lutea pb, cm. Euphorbia darlingtonii [N. C] M. Euonymus americanus M, c, cm. " atropurpureus m. Kosteletzkya virginica, c, cm. Ascyrum stans, pb, cm. Lechea racemulosa pb, cm. Viola hirsutula [Ga.] m. " rafinesquii [Ga.] m. Rhexia mariana pb. cm. Aralia spinosa m. Chaerophyllum procumbens [N. C.] M. Oxypolis rigidior m, c, cm. Sabatia angularis M, c, cm. Asclepias variegata m, c, cm. Polemonium reptans [Ga.] m. Phlox subulata m. Mertensia virginica [S. C] m. Scutellaria pilosa M, cm. Monarda punctata m, c, cm. Cunila origanoides m, cm. Gerardia holmiana pb. Utricularia fibrosa pb. " virgatula pb, cm. Oldenlandia uniflora m, c, cm. Lobelia nuttallii [Ga.] pb, c, cm. Lactuca villosa m. " floridana m, c. Eupatorium album pb, c, cm. leucolepis pb, c, cm. Solidago erecta [Ga.] pb, cm. Helianthus angustifolius pb, c, cm. Chrysopsis mariana m, pb, cm. RHODE ISLAND OR CONNECTICUT TO FLORIDA. Sagittaria longirostra [Ga.] pb, cm. " subulata m. Tripsacum dactyloides c. Panicum longifolium pb, cm. " stipitatum [S. C.] M. " meridionale [Ga.] pb, c, cm. " pseudopubescens M, pb, cm. " commonsianum pb, c, cm. " virgatum cubense M, pb. " amarum [Ga.] c. Chaetochloa imberbis M. " versicolor c. Sparf'na cynosuroides c. Sporobolus clandestinus m, cm. Sphenopholis obtusata c. pubescens cm, c. Tridens flavus M c. Eleccharis quadrangulata [Ga.] cm. " torreyana pb. Scirpus eriophorum m, pb, c, cm. Scleria torreyana pb, cm. Carex collinsii [Ga.] m, pb, cm. " squarrosa [Ga.] m. " barrattii [N. C] pb, cm. " styloflexa M, cm. " nigromarginata [N. C] m. Wolfifia Columbiana m. Tradescantia virginica [S. C.] m. Heteranthera reniformis M. Juncus debilis [S. C.] m, pb, cm. Dioscorea villosa m, c, cm. Populus heterophylla [Ga.]. Chenopodium boscianum [N. C.]. 54 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Amaranthus pumilus [N. C.]. Aristolochia serpentaria M, cm. Heuchera americana [Ga.] m^ cm. Liquidambar styraciflua M, Cj cm. Rubus cuneifolius m, pb, c, cm. Prunus americanus M. Geum flavum [Va.] m. Agrimonia rostellata [Va.] m. " parviflora [Ga.], M. Lespedeza repens, m, pb, c, cm. Phaseolus polystachyus M, c. Polj'gala brevifolia pb. Crotonopsis linearis M, pb. Euphorbia ipecacuanhse pb, cm. Rhus vernix M, pb, c, cm. Kneiffia longipedicellata. Zizia cordata [Ga.] m. Eryngium yuccaefolium c. Pieris mariana m, pb, c. Diospyros virginiana M, c. Gentiana saponaria MC, cm. Ipomoea pandurata M, cm. Phlox maculata m, cm. " pilosa M. Salvia lyrata M, c, cm. Trichostema lineare [Ga.] pb. Mimulus alatus [Ga.] m. Plantago virginica M, c, cm. Viburnum nudum m, pb, cm. " prunifoHum [S. C.] M, cm. Diodia teres M, pb, c, cm. Eupatorium rotundifolium [Va.] m, c, CM. Boltonia asteroides cm. Helenium autumnale mc, cm. Synosma suaveolens. Bidens bipinnata m, c. MASSACHUSETTS TO FW)RIDA. Lycopodium alopecuroides m, pb, cm. Botrychium dissectum M, c. cm. Helianthium tenellum m. Andropogon corymbosus abbreviatus M, c, pb, cm. " virginicus m, c, pb, cm. Panicum verrucosum m, pe, cm. " columbianum thinium pb. c, cm. " addisonii m, pb, c, cm. " oricola pb, c. " villossissimum m, pb, cm. " ashei M, pb, cm. " Glutei PB, cm. " barbulatum m, cm. " microcarpon m, c, cm. " scoparium m, c, cm. " commutatum cm. " boscii m, cm. Aristida purpurascens m, c, pb, cm. " tuberculosa m. Muhlenbergia capillaris m. " tenuiflora m. Stipa avenacea m, cm. Danthonia sericea m, pb, c. Sphenopholis pallens m, cm. Spartina glabra pilosa c. Diplachne fascicularis c. Cyperus filiculmis m, cm. " speciosus m, c, pb, cm. " erythrorhizos m, c. Eleocharis iiiterstincta m. " engelmanni m. " melanocarpa m, cm. " tuberculosa pb, cm. Scirpus robustus c. Fuirena squarrosa c. Rynchospora macrostachya m, cm. " macr. inundata m, pb. Scleria triglomerata pb. verticillata c, cm. " reticularis cm. Carex triceps m, cm. " glaucodea m, cm. " abscondita m, cm. " walteriana pb, c, cm. willdenovii N, m. " hormathodes richii m. Lemna perpusilla c. Orontium aquaticum pb, cm. Xyris torta m, c, pb, cm. " congdoni m, pb, cm. Juncus aristulatus pb, c, cm. Gyrotheca tinctoria pb, cm. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 55 Clianijelirium luteum m. Uvularia perfoliata m, cm. Sisyrinchium mucronatum M. Smilax glauca m, pb, c. Isotrid verticillata m. Gyrostachys vernalis pb, c. Juglans nigra m. Hicoria alba m, cm. Betnla nigra m, c, cm. Quercus palustris m, cm. " stellata m, c, pb, cm. Rumex hastatulus c. Polygonum maritimum c. " punctatum M, c, cm. Atriplex arenaria c. Anychia canadensis m. Sagina decumbens m, c. Silene caroliniana M, c. " stellata m, c. Nelumbo lutea m. Liriodendron tulipifera m, c, cm. Magnolia virginiana m, pb, c, cm. Draba caroliniana m. Cardamine bulbosa M. Arabis canadensis m. Drosera filiformis pb, c. Ribes rotundifolium m. Crataegus pruinosa m. Agrimonia mollis m, cm. Cassia chamascrista m, c, cm. Lespedeza angustifolia pb, cm. " stuvei M, pb, cm. Mcibomia obtusa m, c, pb, cm. " michauxii m, pb, cm. " marilandica m, pb, cm. " sessilifolia pb. " canescens m, cm. Strophostyles helvula m, c. Geranium carolinianum m. Oxalis violacea m. Linum floridanum pb, c. " striatum m, pb, c, cm. Polygala nuttallii pb, c, cm. Euphorbia preslii m. " coroUata M, c. Ilex opaca m, c, cm. " glabra pb, c, cm. Acer rub. carolinianum pb, c, cm. Hibiscus moscheutos m, c, cm. Ascyrum hypericoides m, pb, c, cm. Hypericum adpressum m, cm. Lechea leggettii m, pb, c, cm. Viola sagittata m, c. " palmata m. " papilionacea m. Opuntia opuntia M, c. Rotala ramosior m, pb, cm. Lythrum alatum m, c. Kneiffia linearis m, pb, c, cm. Ludvigia sphserocarpa m, pb, cm. alternifolia m, c, pb, CM. Myriophyllum pinnatum m, c, cm. Hydrocotyle verticillata c, cm. " umbellata m, c, cm. Ptilimnium capillaceum c. Angelica villosa m, cm. Chimaphila maculata M, c, cm. Azalea nudiflora m, cm. " viscosa glauca pb, c. Leucothoe racemosa m, pb, cm. Polycodium stamineum M. Sabatia dodecandra c, cm. " stellaris c. gracilis m, c, cm. Bartonia paniculata m, c, pb, cm. Asclepias verticillata m, cm. Acerates viridiflora M. Cuscuta arvensis m, pb. " compacta m, pb. Onosmodium virginianum m. Verbena angustifolia m, pb, c. Scutellaria integrifolia m, c, cm. Agastache nepetoides m. Stachys hyssopifolia m. Stachys aspera M. Lycopus sessilifolius m, c, pb, cm. Leptandra virginica m. Scrophularia marylandica m. Pedicularis lanceolata m, cm. Castilleja coccinea m. Ilysanthes anagallidea m, c, cm. Gerardia purpurea m, pb, c, cm. Schwalbea americana pb. Utricularia subulata pb, c, cm. " cleistogama pb, c, cm. Plantago elongata m, cm. Valerianella radiata m, cm. Viburnum venosum m, c, cm. Triosteum perfoliatum m, cm. Adopogon virginicum m, c, cm. 56 REPOIvT Ol- XI<:\V JICRSEY STATE MUSEUM. Hicracium groiiovii m, c, pb, cm. Eutliamia caroliniana m, pn, c, cm. Vernoiiia noveboraccnsis m, c, cm. Aster tcnuifolia c. Lacinaria spicata M, c, cm, " concolor m, pb^ cm. Eupatoriuin verbcnaifolium m, pr, c. Coreopsis rosea m, pb. CM. Bidens laevis m^ c, cm. aromaticum m, cm. " trichosperma m, c, cm. hyssopifolium m, pb, c, Pluchca camphorata c. CM. Baccharis halimifolia c. Solidago elliottii c, cm. LocAiv Element. — Finally we have a group of plants re- stricted to New Jersey or spreading only to the States immedi- ately north and south of it, or west to Pennsylvania. Some of these undoubtedly have a wider range, as subsequent investi- gation will show, while others, like the very distinct Abama americana, Sporoholus torreyanus, Bupatorium resinoswn and Chrysopsis falcata, are probably truly local. NEW JERSEY.* Isoetes riparia m. Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba pb, c, Juncus cassariensis pb. cm. Eupatorium resinosum pb. Senecio crawfordii M. NEW YORK — NEW JERSEY. Paspalum prostratum [to Del.] m. c. Scleria minor pb, cm. Sporoholus torreyanus pb, cm. Eupatorium alhum subvenosum pb. NEW JERSEY — DELAWARE OR MARYLAND. Isoetes saccharata m. Hypericum virg. ovali folium pb, cm. Eriocaulon parkeri m, c. Hydrocotyle canbyi cm. Abama americana pb. Bidens hidentoides m. Callitriche austini [from Ct.] M. MASS.\CHUSETTS TO NEW JERSEY. Cyperus grayi pb, c. Sisyrinchium arenicola m. Scirpus longii pb. Chrysopsis falcata pb. M.\SS.\CHUSETTS TO MARYLAND OR DELAWARE. Lycopodium chapmanii c, pb. Hicoria microcarpa m. Najas gracillima m. Falcata pitcheri m, cm. Scirpus planifolius m. Iva oraria c. " fluviatilis m. Solidago neglecta, m, pb, cm. Carex seorsa m. Aster spectabilis m, pb, cm. * Some of these occur also in eastern Pennsylvania. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 57 BOTANICAL SUBDIVISIONS 01^ THE NEW JERSEY COASTAL PLAIN. 'Passing now to the consideration of the subdivisions of the New Jersey coastal plain, we find several very well marked areas. As we cross southern New Jersey from west to east we are first struck by the sharp line of demarcation between the farming district of West Jersey and the Pine Barrens ; crossing the latter we find on the coast a narrow belt separating the Pines from the maritime marshes, which has essentially the same flora as the West Jersey region, a flora that is also shared by the coast islands, although they have some additional elements peculiar to them- selves. Southward in the Cape May peninsula we find the West Jersey and coast strips coming together to^ the partial extinction of the Pine Barrens which exist only as detached islands, while especially at the southwestern extremity of the peninsula we en- counter a floral element quite different from the Pine Barrens, but related in no small degree to the flora of southern Delaware. We thus have five distinct floral districts in southern New Jersey — (i) The West Jersey, or better, the Middle District, which covers not only the Delaware Valley region south of Trenton, but also- all the country below the fall line and north of the Pine Barrens which terminate at Long Branch; (2) The Pine Barrens; (3) The Coastal Strip; (4) The Cape May District, south of the Great Cedar Swamp; (5) The Maritime District. The northern half of the State is referred to as the Northern District without attempting to subdivide it, since it is only indi- rectly concerned with the present discussion. For an account of its relationship cf. Stone, Ann. Rep. N. J. State Museum for 1908, pp. 31-32. Some attempt has been made to correlate these areas or parts of them with underlyingi geological formations, but a more accurate knowledge of the distribution of their plants shows that such correlation is not possible. The surface soil has far more to do with the matter than the underlying geological formation. The western boundary of the Pine Barrens is often the eastern edge of the cretaceous formation, but in the southern part of 58 REPORT OF NEW JERSEiY STATE MUSEUM. the Slate it is not so, the cretaecous lying in some places fifteen or twenty miles west of the Pines. In the same way the very distinct coast strip with its West Jersey flora is geologically the same formation as the Pine Barrens. In West Jersey, moreover, we find considerable differences in the flora of different parts of the same formation. In the cretaceous, for instance, w^e have in the rich marl beds one style Fig. 2. — Range of Lobelia cardinalis covering Middle and Coast Districts, but absent from the Pine Barrens. of vegetation, while on sand deposits of the same age are plants of quite a different sort. A number of species are restricted to one or other of the above- defined districts, some are common to two or three of them, and still others are found throughout our region or throughout the State. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 59 Using the initial letters to indicate the several districts, the distribution of the plants of the New Jersey coastal plain as indicated by the data that we have collected is as follows : Pis- 3- — Range of Polygala hrevifoUa. Central Pine Barrens only. Halophytes of t h e ^ coast marshes and V 71 beach strand, ) Coast strip only, i6 Middle district only, so far as our region is concerned, though rtiany range through northern N. J. Cape May only, M*+C 343 35 87 M+PB, 84 M+CM, 100 PB+C, 9 PB+CM, 22 C+CM, 18 M+CM+PB, 142 M+PB+C, 50 M+CM+C, 137 PB+C+CM, 10 Throughout, 194 Total, 1373 * M=Middle Dist. ; C=Coast Strip; CM=:Cape May District ; PB=:Pine Barrens. 6o REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Eroni tlie above list we may compute : After exclud- ing obvious introductions front other districts. Total Flora of Pine Barrens, 565* 386 " " " Coast Strip (excluding Halophytes),. . 524 492 " Cape May District, 658 649 " " " Middle District, 1 138 1023 Common to Middle and Pine Barren Districts, 470* 295 " " " " Coast Districts, 416 410 " " " " Cape May Districts, ^7,^ 493 " " Pine Barren and Coast Districts, 263! 162 " " " " Cape May Districts, 368 252 " " Coast and Cape May Districts, 359 3^7 The status of each species in the above table was ascertained by a careful study of the data presented in the main text of this report after excluding such records as bore evidence of being based upon accidental occurrences such as roadside or railroad introductions. All w^eeds, even those of native origin, were also excluded, as their distribution has little or no bearing upon natural conditions. A further study of the data covering the general range of the south Jersey plants (see p. 47) gives the following results for the flora of each of the four districts considered separately : M. PB. C. CM. Wide Ranging, 628 153 301 359 Northern Element, 78 28 26 16 Southern Element, 299 183 159 263 L,ocal Element, 18 17 6 11 1023 386 492 649 M. PB. C. CM. Percentage of Southern Element, 29% 48% 31% 40% * As explained beyond, these figures include a number of recent introduc- tions not really native to the Pine Barrens. See p. loi. t These figures are somewhat misleading, as only such Pine Barren species as reach the Coast Islands are included. The mainland coast strip is so narrow that it is impossible to mark it off sharply from the Pine Barrens, and we cannot say which Pine Barren species spread into it and which do not, without a vast amount of further study. PUAiNTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 6i It is impossible to compute the percentag-e of the northern element in the flora for the reason that accurate data are lacking on the actual southern boundary of the range of the species listed above as "Wide Ranging." The only fact given in the manuals as a rule is the southernmost State touched by this boundary. It is known that a large number of the 628 species of the Middle District barely touch the coastal plain on its western or northern edge, and really find the southern limit of their range all the way from New Jersey to Florida, and thus belong distinctly to the northern element of our flora. Other species, on the contrary, are found pretty generally over the coastal plain, and are truly wide ranging, but accurate data for the proper disposition of all the species in one class or the other are not at present available. Figures based entirely upon the character of their occurrence in New Jersey (p. 43) would indicate that at least three-quarters of these wide-ranging species reach their southern limit at the coastal plain, but a study of their distribution to the southward might not uphold this estimate. A further analysis is given in the consideration of the flora of each of the several districts which follows. THE PINE BARRENS. The Pine Barrens are of especial interest from the fact that the region is one of the largest in the Middle States in which anything like primeval conditions remain. Always sandy and thickly covered with more or less scrubby vegetation, interspersed with swamps and infested by hordes of mosquitoes, settlers have been in no hurry to clear it so long as more valuable land was available to the westward. Even to-day one may travel for ten or fifteen miles in some parts of the Barrens without seeing a habitation of any sort, and this within fifty and thirty miles respectively of New York and Philadelphia. Wagon roads lead across the white sand to the sea at infrequent intervals, and ill- defined trails branch off to former charcoal clearings, all of these highways largely fallen into disuse since the establishment of railroads and the abandonment of the old iron forges. The oldest towns in the district are those located on navigable tide- 62 REPORT OK NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. water streams like Toms Ivivcr, Mays Landing-, Millville, etc. ; others, like Hammonton, Vineland and Egg Harbor City, owe their establishment to the raih'oads. In recent years many other settlements are springing up along the railroads, and are spreading their clearings into the wilder- ness, while various agencies exert an important influence on vegetation. Portable sawmills are cutting all the white cedars, and in place of the dark swamps we encounter mountains of yellow saw- dust. The extension of cultivated cranberry bogs proves the death knell to many native bog plants, which do not seem able to stand the flooding. The onslaught of the Christmas venders upon the mistletoe has practically exterminated it, while berry- bearing holly is becoming scarce, and the sale of arbutus and pyxie must soon affect their abundance in certain localities. The wood pulp industry makes a market for any sort of timber, no matter what size; the use of sphagnum' for packing bulbs and garden plants for shipment makes it worth while to rake some of the small bogs completely clear of this moss which is so neces- sary for the growth of many native bog species, and the demand for native shrubbery for planting on large estates has practically exterminated the laurel in certain regions, many carloads of these bushes being shipped at one time by a single dealer. The advent of the automobile, too, has forced the substitution of good roads for the old sand trails in many places, and hun- dreds of people now visit certain remote parts of the barrens to one who went there ten years ago. All these influences are bound to make changes in the flora of the region in the near future, and it is none too soon to make a serious effort to record its characteristic features and its com- ponent species before it is too late. Although the New Jersey Pine Barrens have been well known as a locality for choice plants since the earliest days of botanical study in America, nevertheless very little has been published re- garding their flora or even their history and physical features. We know, from casual mention in the descriptions of new species, that Rafinesque, Pursh, Nuttall and Zaccheus Collins were familiar with their barren sands and deep swamps. We know, PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 63 also, that James Goldie, the Scottish botanist, traveled through them early in the nineteenth century, and earlier still Peter Kalm, the Swede, probably touched the western border of the region, as he secured the Hclonias and submitted it to Linnaeus for descrip- tion. William Bartram and, probably, John Bartram, his father, were undoubtedly familiar with the "Pines" and were probably the first botanists to explore the region, although they, so far as I am aware, published nothing relative to it. In Edwards' Gleanings of Natural History, London, 1758. where are described a number of birds submitted by William Bartram to the author, we find a figure of the "Gentian of the Desert" reproduced from a drawing by Bartram, which is clearly Gentiana porphyrio, so characteristic of the remote portions of the Pine Barrens. Some of the plants sent by Bartram to Linnaeus and named by the latter, such as Blephari glottis hle- phariglottis, the white-fringed orchis, undoubtedly came from the New Jersey coastal plain, although Linnaeus records them from Pennsylvania, the name of Bartram being so closely identi- fied with the latter State that it was taken for granted that all his local collections came from there. During the first half of the nineteenth century the barrens were visited by wagon from Philadelphia or Burlington and there was considerable travel over the long sand}'- roads, as the fishermen- farmers of the coast were constantly bringing their produce across the State to market and returning with necessary supplies. Audubon made the journey across to Great Egg Harbor on one of these produce wagons and describes the trip in his episode entitled "Great Egg Harbour," p. 606, vol. HI of his Oirnitho- logical Biography. There were several half-way houses and other taverns where travelers could rest and procure refeshments, and a number of forges — many of them now only names on the map — were extracting iron from the bog ore which before the discovery of better deposits in the west had a marketable value. Dr. John Torrey, when twenty-two years of age, made a wagon trip from Philadelphia to South Amboy during the latter part of June, 18 18, in company with William Cooper, and, fortunately, 64 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. a record of it is preserved in a letter to Zaccliens Collins in the possession of the Phila(lel])hia Academy.* It rnns as follows: Nkw York, July gth, 1818. Dear Sir : We arrived at South Amboy one week after we left Philadelphia, and, al- though our journey was rather an arduous one, we think ourselves well rewarded for all the privations we endured. The principal difficulty we experienced was in keeping the right road. Hundreds of these little roads cross each other in every direction like a labyrinth, so that it is next to a miracle if you hit the right one. We remained two days at Thompson's Tav- ern [at Quaker Bridge], where we were very well entertained. About this time we found a considerable number of plants which were new to us, indeed there were few plants but what we found here. The Drosera filiformis and foliosa (?) were abundant, as well as two species of Utricularia, one of which does not appear to be described. What pleased us more than any plant we found was the Schizaea. Cooper found the first specimen. It is a singular little plant, and I first doubted whether Pursh had referred it to the right genus, but subsequent examination has convinced me that he is right. The whole of the plant which we saw was confined to a very small space. There is a small patch of it about forty-five yards from the west end of the bridge on the left side as you approach it from Philadelphia and about twelve feet from the road. I have been particular to mention its locality, as this is the only spot where we found it. We found abundance of the Leiophyllum and Hudsonia, some of them in flower. The latter plant I am inclined to think is a different species from the one which grows on the seacoast. At first sight you are struck with the long peduncled flowers of the one and the al- most sessile flowers of the other. We found two species of Eriocaulon — one common, tall and with large hemispherical heads and tuft of short leaves at the base, the other smaller, with large leaves. They are both ten-striate. After we had left Quaker Bridge we fared pretty hard. Some places called Taverns that we put up at were not fit for an Arab. At a place called the Ten-mile Hollow, or Hell Hollow, we expected to sleep in the woods, for it was with difficulty that we persuaded them to take us in. This was the most miserable place we ever saw ; they were too poor to use candles. No butter, sugar, etc. A little sour stuff, which I believe they called rye bread, but which was half sawdust, and a little warm water and molasses, were all we had for breakfast. For supper I could not see what we had, for we ate in the dark. From this place until we reached Monmouth we found scarcely a single plant in flower. We found near Philadelphia a species of Plantago which may be new. It is not described in Persoon, but it may be the P. linearifolia of Muhl. Cat. 2d ed. I shall send you specimens of it together with most of the plants we col- lected on our journey. I hope you will indulge me if I trouble you in this way once in awhile. I remain, sir, with the greatest respect, etc., yours, John TorrEy. * Published in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club VI, p. 83. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 65 If there is any young botanist in your society that would be wilUng to com- mence botanical correspondence and exchange of specimens with me, I should be very glad to commence one immediately. To Zaccheus CotUNS, Esq., Philadelphia. There were other ways of getting to the coast in these early days. An advertisement in a copy of Poiilson's American Daily Advertiser, July 12th, 1823, states that "The subscriber [Seth Crane] respectfully informs the public that he has commenced running a stage between Mount Holly and Mannahawkin for the accommodation of persons disposed to visit the Grouse Plains, Mannahawkin or Tuckerton. The Stage will leave Mannahawkin every Monday and Thursday mornings at 6 o'clock and arrive at Griffith Owens' Tavern, in Mount Holly, same afternoon at 4 o'clock. From whence passengers will be conveyed to Burling- ton on the following morning in time to meet the Steam Boat for Philadelphia and Trenton. Returning will leave Mount Holly every Wednesday and Saturday morning at 6, and arrive at Mannahawkin same afternoon at 4 o'clock. Where Ladies and Gentlemen can be accommodated with genteel Boarding and Lodging at the moderate rate of $3 per week; and conveyed at any time across the Bay to James Cranmer's, Hazleton Cran- mer's or Stephen Inman's. Fare through $1.75 cents. A conveyance will be in readiness at Mannahaw^kin for Tuck- erton." In the same paper are advertised a line of stages, and the "Union" and "Good Intent" lines of four-horse carriages direct to Tuckerton from Philadelphia. There was also the steamboat "Delaware," leaving Philadelphia for Cape May "at five o'clock in the morning on Monday and Friday during the bathing season." Prof. S. F. Baird. when a young man, used to visit Beesley's Point, on Great Egg Harbor, by way of Cape May, going down by boat and up the coast by stage. In July, 1854, however, John Cassin, of the Philadelphia Academy, in a letter to Baird, tells him that a railroad to Absecon has been completed with stage connection for Beesley's Point, which will greatly facilitate his futiu"e trips. 5 MUS 66 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATl-: Ml'SEUM. It was mail}' years later before the railroad was built to Cape May. which had always been rather inaccessible except by water. Indeed, prior to 1707, there was no wagon road out of the peninsula, merely horse paths through the dense cedar swamps which stretched away from Cedar Swamp Creek to Dennis Creek, forming an effectual barrier to traffic and making Cape May virtually an island.* With the advent of the railroads traffic on the old stage roads practically ceased and with it went the taverns and forges, so that the latter ])art of the nineteenth century found the remote parts of the Pines more of a wilderness than they were before. Within the past decade several botanical trips have been made across the Pine Barrens which have been recorded in print. Mr. C. F. Saunders has a charming account of a wagon trip from Tuckefton to Atsion, July 3-5, 1899,1 ""* company wdth Mr. W. N. Clute. His picture of the country is very vivid. He says, after leaving Tuckerton : "Mile after mile of oak and pine barrens were passed without sign of human habitation, and when five miles were registered we came to the spot wdiich is marked upon the maps as Munyon Field. Here, in old tim^^' had been a house, and a family had lived here, scratching some sort of a living from the sand and fattening hogs on the abundant mast which strewed the ground under the little chinquapin oaks. Now no vestige of human occupation remains save a little clear- ing, which is rapidly filling- up with wildings from the surrounding forest. * * * Two or three miles more of a similar wilder- ness, and the forest growth thinned out and dwindled down to dwarf proportions as we emerged upon the rolling heathlike expanse of the east or lower plains. * * * Nothing could be more restful to the eye than this rolling expanse of green plain, melting away in everv direction into the misty distance, the Avhite sand gleaming out here and there like whitccaps on an emerald sea. * * * 'j^j^g luxuriant vines of the bearberry lay spraw'ling everywhere in the sun, their dry, astringent berries not yet tinged with the crimson that makes them so conspicuous * Cf. Dr. Maurice Beesley's Early History of Cape May, in the Geology of the County of Cape May, 1857. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., vol. 52, 1900, pp. 544-549. PLANTS O.F SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. dy in winter, the pyxie, trailing arbutus, hudsonia, laurel, tephrosia and leiophyllum were so abundant that the whole place must have been like a garden in the spring. * * * After leaving the plains, the old road wound now through dry sandy pine woods, bare of conspicuous flowers, save, perhaps, for the ever present M elampyrum linear e and the yellow banners of Baptisia tinctoria — now through damp swamp lands, where we had as roadside companions the thread leaved sundew's purple flowers, the orange heads of Poly gala lutea, the magenta blossoms of the grass pink and the snake-mouth pogonia. * * *" Two years later the writer, accompanied by Messrs. H. L. Coggins and J. A. G. Rehn. crossed' from A^edford to the plains and back, June 17-22. In Mr. Coggins' account* of the trip, which deals with orni- thology rather than botany, occurs the following admirable pic- ture of the plains : "A singular region, hot, level and dry. We wade into the scrub scarce able to believe that it is over the top of a dwarf forest that we are gazing for miles. Its barrenness, except for the stunted vegetation, recalls vividly to mind long forgotten descriptions of desert regions. The heat rising from the parched ground gives a blur of uncertainty to distant out- lines, and we close our eyes involuntarily before the glare of the sun on the exposed gravel areas. Chewinks and brown thrashers scuffle listless in the dry soil. A mere speck in the sky. a turkey vulture, circles lazily for a time then drops from view beyond the horizon. A little tree lizard at our step scurries across a gravel patch and disappears under the dry leaves. The only other sound of life is the weary vibrant trill of the prairie warbler, which rises on the hot air like a supplication for life." Trips through the pines, even with the certainty of much botanical reward, have drawbacks which are liable to make one hesitate, as Mr. Saunders truly says: "The sands are heavy, the flies and ticks and mosquitos are numerous, the heat is ex- cessive, springs are few and far between and forest fires are apt to be at their devastating work." At the same time thoughts of the pungent odor of the pines, the cool shade of the cedar swamp, * Cassinia. 1902, p. 26. 68 REPORT OI^' NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. where the road runs through, with its white bridge spanning the dark tea-hke water of the stream ; the refreshing draught of the water itself, always palatable in spite of its dark color; the fragrance of the magnolia, azalea and clethra, and the beauties of the ever attractive pine barren Rowers, all tend to obliterate the memory of clouds of mosquitos and dripping perspiration and draw the nnlnralist back again and again to this wonderful wilderness. The streams of the pine barrens are navigable by canoe, and many a trip has been made over their dark waters. One of these is admirably described by Henry Vandyke in his delightful sketch "Between the Lupin and the Laurel," and in it the reader will find an excellent account of the pine barrens in spring time.* As one enters the Pine Barrens from the agricultural region of Western Jersey, the most striking feature, apart from the Pines themselves, is the continuous shrubby undergrowth of Bracken Pteridhmi aqiiilinum, Sweet Fern Comptonia aspleni- folia and Chain Fern Woodwardia virginica. Then the absence of such familiar trees as the Wild Cherry Primus serotina, Sweet Gum Liqiiidambar styracifliia, WiHow Oak Quercus phcllos, etc., and the presence of White Birch Betida alba, and the abundance of Sassafras Sassafras sassafras, Sour Gum Nyssa sylvatica. Chestnut Oak Quercus prinus and the Scrub Oaks Q. ilicifolia, marylandica and prinoides. The White Oak Q. alba. Black Oak Q. veliiiina and Post Oak Q. stellata, occur in the outlying por- tions of the Pine Barrens or locally throughout, but the first two are often rare over large areas. The abundant pine is the Pitch Pine Finns rigida. The Yellow Pine Pinus echinata occurs, locally, sometimes in large tracts, but in other sections is absent. The forests of the Pine Barrens to-day present considerable diversity, due to the inroads of fire and axe, and my efforts to ascertain from old residents just what the primitive condition was have resulted in such contradictory information that I am in doubt as to just what should be said on the matter. f *Cf. also Gustave Kobbe, "The New Jersey Coast and Pines." C. C. Abbott, "Days Out of Doors." t Cf. for detailed discussion of N. J. Forests. Cf. Reports in Ann. Rept. State Geologist. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 69 There are woods of rather tall Pine with practically no- oaks of any size, but with an undergrowth of Scrub Oaks and Huckle- berries. Then there is a more open growth in which Oaks and Pines mingle in about equal proportion and in which the Oaks, mainly Q. marilandica, reach a fair heigdit. Other sections are covered with a dense growth of Oaks, in- cluding Q. prinus, alba, 'marilandica, ilicifolia and velutina. It seems to me that the first two types are the natural or primitive ones, while the solid Oak growth covers recent clear- ings. The Pines spring up again in such tracts and reassert themselves unless fire or continuous clearing have exterminated them. Indeed, it is remarkable to see how rapidly young Pines will develop. In old abandoned open ground which has grown up in Andropogon grass the Pines will soon establish themselves and grow rapidly. Equally rapid growth is seen on the bottom of sand excavations along the railroads where a ridge of eight or ten feet in height has been entirely removed for grading purposes somewhere else, and in a few years the floor will be completely covered with the regular forest vegetation with flourishing young Pines on all sides. The typical open Pine forest (see PI. CXXVII) is character- ized by the following species : Pteridium aquilinum. Pinus rigida. Panicum commonsianum. " addisoni. " columbianum. Andropogon scoparius. " virginicus. Smilax glauca. Quercus ilicifolia. " marilandica. " stellata. Comptonia asplenifolia. Sassafras sassafras. Helianthemuni canadense. Baptisia tinctoria. Kalmia angustifolia. Pieris mariana. • Epigaea repens. Vaccinium vaccillans. Gaylussacia baccata. Hieracium venosum. Aster concolor. " patens. Sericocarpus asteroides. Solidago odora, etc. In bare open sandy patches occur Lichens of several species, together with : 70 REPORT OF NEW JERSE^' S'1\\TI<: MUSEUM. Cyperns grayi. filiciilmis macik-ntus. Carcx umbel lata. Hiidsonia cricoides. Arenaria caroliniana. Lechca racemulosa. Euphorbia ipecacuanhae. Cracca virginiana. The Cedar swamps (see PI. CXXVII) which hue all the streams of the Pine Barrens possess quite a different flora, some of the characteristic species being: Chamaecyparis thyoides. Magnolia virginiana. Acer rubrum carolinianum. Clethra alnifolia. Nyssa sylvatica. Alnus rugosa. Ilex glabra. Viburnum nudum. Rhus vcrni.x. Carex folliculata. " trisperma. Drosera rotundifolia. Osmunda cinnamomea. Vaccinium corymbosum. " atrococcum. Azalea viscosa. The natural open bogs are characterized by the presence of such species as : Oxycoccus macrocarpon. Sarraccnia purpurea. Orontium aquaticum. Castalia odorata. Nymphsea variegata. Utricularia spp. Pogonia ophioglossoides. Limodorum tuberosum. Eriocaulon decangulare. " compressum. " septangulare. Drosera longifolia. Polygala lutea. Blephariglottis blephariglottis. " cristata, etc. etc.* The curious elevated tract known as the Plains (see PI. CXXVIII.), which covers portions of Burlington and Ocean Counties, presents a stunted vegetation scarcely higher than one's knees, consisting mainly of Piniis rigida, Ouercus marilandica and Q. ilicifolia, but with all the characteristic species of the open pine woods. The additional species more or less peculiar to the Plains are Corcina conradii and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. * The above lists are by no means exhaustive, and are simply given to call attention to some of the dominant or more conspicuous species of the several types of environment to be found in the Pine Barrens. No attempt has been made toward an "ecological" study of the region. While much valuable work has been done along true ecological lines, a certain amount of discredit appears to have been thrown upon the term by the fragmentary and super- ficial work presented under this title by certain writers. The hasty division of a flora into various societies and associations is a case in point. To my mind the only proper basis for work of this kind is the detailed study of a number of similar spots in a given area, such as the various patches of PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 71 Mr. Gifford Pinchot publis'hed an account of the Plains in the Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1898, and from this I have taken most of the following figures. Mr. Pinchot's conclusions agree entirely with my own observa- tions in this interesting region. The Plains occupy the highest part of the central Pine Barrens, ranging from 100 to 200 feet above sea level. They stretch from a point three miles east of Woodmansie south nearly to Munyon Field, varying from two to four miles wide, and are bisected by the Oswego river and its adjoining swamps. The upper section lying west of Cedar Bridge constitutes the West Plains, the lower the East Plains, the location of the former on the U. S. Geological Survey Maps being- entirely wrong. The West or Upper Plains comprise 7,737 acres and the East or Lower Plains 6,662, though with outlying tracts of similar character this region of stunted vegetation probably covers an area of nearly 20,000 acres. The soil is exceedingily poor, consisting largely of white sand and coarse white pebbles, but it is no different in composition or in aridity from that of other dry sections oi the Pine Barrens. Mr. Pinchot found that the Pine trees, such as had developed trunks with sufiEiciently well miarked rings for counting, averaged about thirteen years in age, though one three feet high was thirty- one years old. Most of the Pines, however, consist of sprout growth from old stumps which have been burned back by countless fires, some being almost globular burls with slender radiating stems. There are also numerous seedlings with prostrate stems. Occasionally a tree will approach a normal height of six to fifteen feet, but they are rare and usually killed by fire. Jersey Pine woods in the middle district of the region here considered or the various cedar swamps of the Pine Barrens. By a comparison of results it will be possible to determine what species really do occur in close association in all such similar locations. The establishment of such associations upon a few days' study seems utterly unwarranted, and when, as is usually the case, the same author proposes a different lot of "associations" for every area he studies, the utility of the whole method is called into question. Furthermore, some writers on "ecology" are so careless in the systematic side of their work that their papers abound in misidentifications which, of course, render them practically worthless. 72 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. The prostrate character of the trees reminds one strongly of timber Hnc vej^i'etation on high mountains and is doubtless due to the elevated, exposed and wind-swept nature of the region, con- ditions congenial to the Arctostaphylos and Corona, which here reach their southern limit. Add to this the constantly recurring fires which help to main- tain the above conditions and the slow growth of all the trees in the most arid parts of the Pine Barrens, and we probably have all the factors necessary to explain the conditions found on the plains. It seems likely that the Indians were in the habit of burning off this region long l^efore the advent of the whites, and early intensified original conditions, a practice that the accidental fires of later years have perpetuated. The term Pine Barrens has been used very loosely by those who have written upon the plants of New Jersey. Rev. L- H. Lighthipe* refers all of southern Xew Jersey below the triassic to the Pine Barrens. Dr. Arthur Hollickf limits it to the portion lying south of a line from Long Branch to Salem. Mr. C. C. Vermuelet gives it as "practically all of that portion of the State southeast of a line from Seabright to Glassboro and thence through Bridgeton to Delaware Bay." Both of these latter statements are based exclusively upon a study of forest trees, and as a result of careful field studies on the same line Mr. Vermeule (Ann. Rept. State Geol. N. J., 1898, p. 185) limits the coniferous forest to the region east of a line beginning at Asbury Park and passing through Farmingdale, Brindletown, New Lisbon and Taunton, with a considerable indentation south of Vincentown ; thence to Atco, Andrew^s, lona and south along the Maurice river. The belt between this and the previous line, he states, is composed of mixed coniferous and deciduous forest. My studies, based upon herbs and shrubs as well as trees, show that the w^estern border of the Pine Barren botanical region coin- * Torreya II, p. 79. t Report on Forests, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist for 1899, 182. t Do. p. 16. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 73 cides very closely with Mr. Vermeule's boundary of the conifer- ous forest (see colored map), the only important differences being- som.e projections to include outlying Pine Barren "peninsulas" or ^'islands," especially the region southeast of Clementon, and the exclusion of the coast strip, a similar strip along the bay shore from Port Norris to Dennisville, which belongs to the Middle or West Jersey district, and the Cape May peninsula south of the great Cedar Swamp, which, although it contains some Pine Bar- ren "islands,'' is mainly coastal and West Jersey in its affinities, as already explained. The errors in most attempts to outline the Pine Barren region were due to a total lack of knowledge of the southwestern por- tion of the State, the prevailing idea being that the Pines must cover all of the yellow gravel tertiary area, while as a matter of fact they stop short at the Maurice river, the region west of this, especially north of Bridgeton, being fine farm land, often rolling with patches of deciduous forest here and there. The boundary line between the Pine Barrens and the "Middle" and "Coastal" districts which bound it, respectively, on the west and east, is not a straight or sharp one ; narrow tongues of the two floras interlace and often both elements will be found in the same bog or swamp along the border line. On the east, moreover, the peculiar coastal flora will be found running up the tidewater streams and their tributaries well into the Pine Barrens as far, for instance, as Toms River, Batsto, Mays Landing and Mill- ville, where artificial dams now seem to mark the limit of the coastal intrusion. On other streams the coast plants follow back to the natural limit of tidewater, and perhaps some isolated colonies of such species well within the Pine Barrens owe their presence to the intrusion along tidewater streams that were sub- sequently dammed. In grouping the records in the systematic part of this report the same locality may often be put in one dis- trict under one species and another under another, when it is located on the border line between the two. Mays Landing, for instance, is cited as a Pine Barren locality for the Pine Barren species occurring above the dam, while when cited in connection with the coastal plants occurring belovv the dam, it is placed in the Coastal district. In addition to the main Pine Barren district 74 REPORT OV NEW JERSEY STATIC MUSEUM. there are in the Middle or West Jersey districts certain "Pine Barren" islands, where a nninl)er of characteristic Pine Barren plants occnr. often ass(x:iated with species of wide rang-e or others typical of the Middle district. One of the most important of these is the so-called Sandhill region of Middlesex Co., while Griffith's Swamp (now destroyed) near Lawnside. Camden Co., was famous in the past. Prof. J. B. Smith has indicated several of these islands in his map (Ann. Rept. X. J. State Museum for 1909). hut they do not seem sufficiently well marked or equal in character to warrant such recognition. There seems to be no peculiar geological formation correlated with these outlying colonies except that dry ground species are found W'here deposits of pure white sand or gravel occur, but which are not necessarily of the same age as similar deposits in the Pine Barren area proper. Intrusions of the Middle district flora into the Pine Barrens in the form of narrow tongues along the boundary line have al- ready been alluded to, but there are also occurrences of similar species well within the region, where extensive clearings have been effected and maintained for long periods of years ; such occurrences can. I think, be safely regarded as intrusions from the Middle district, analogous to the occurrence of weeds in all spots that are brought under cultivation. The attempts that have been made to list the typical plants of the Pine Barrens are in some respects as misleading as the efforts- to outline the district, due, of course, to the fact that the writers were only familiar with a portion of the region or were relying. entirely upon compilation. Dr. Britton's list of fifty Pine Barren species* comprises twenty-five that are as common in the Middle district as in the Pines, and six that are distinctly Middle district species and do not occur in the Pine Barrens — Desmodium viridifiornm. Phlox sub- iilata, Qucrcus phcllos, Stipa avcnacea, Juncus scirpoidcs, Blco- charis melanocarpa. Rev. Mr. Lightpipe's listt contains the following, which are not found at all in the Pine Barrens, or are verv rare : Onoclca sensi- *Bull. Torn Bot. Club VII., p. 82; XL, p. 126. tTorreva II., p. 79. tTorreya II., p. 79 PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 75 bilis, Bquisitacecs, Pinus virginiana, Uniola laxa, Stipa avenacea, Chamccliriitin hitciiiii, Pogonia divaricaia (one record), Qucrcus phellos, Castanca puniila, Liquidauibar styraciflua, Neluinho lutea, Viola atlaniica, Azalea nudiflora, Salvia lyrata. Also the following, which were apparently wrongly attributed to New Jersey: Aletris awca and Chondrophora. Mr. Roland Harper* gives as species confined to the New Jersey Pine Barrens, or much commoner in New Jersey than in adjoin- ing States. Dicj'oniena colorata and Aletris aurea, of which we have no definite records, and Briocaulon parkeri. a middle district plant which does not occur in the Pine Barrens. Poly gala lutea, Clethra alnifolia and Sahatia lanceolata are given in his list of characteristic North Carolina Pine Barren plants, but omitted from the New Jersey list, though it would be hard to find more generally distributed species in the latter region. An analysis of the Pine Barren flora based upon the data pre- sented beyond shows the following numerical results : Total number of species growing in the Pine Barrens exclusive of weeds, 565 Species occurring only locally in long-settled spots, obviously intrusions from the Middle or other districts, I79 True Pine Barren Flora, 386' Of these there are : Common to the Middle District, 295 " " Coast Islands, 162 " " Cape May District, 252 Not found elsewhere in New Jersey, 55 " the world • • . . 2\ Systematically they may be grouped as follows : Pteridophytes, 11 Gymnosperms, ^ Monocotyledons Uramineae, ; • ■ 44 Cyperacese 55 Others, 59 158 Dicotyledons Polypetalse, 100 Monopetals 114 214- * Torreya VII, 42. t Juncus ccesariensis, Eupatoritim resinosuvi. 76 rf:port of new jersey state museum. In relation to their general range they may be grouped as fol- lows: WIDE RANGING. Throughout North America, 5 Canadian Provinces to Virginia-Florida, 72 Maine-New Hampshire to Virginia-Florida, 76 NORTHERN ELEMENT. Plants ranging south to N.J. Del. or ..Id. From Labrador, 3 o Newfoundland, 10 3 New Brunswick, 3 Nova Scotia, 2 2 Maine, 3 2 18* 10 SOUTHERN ELEMENT. Plants ranging north to N. J. From Virginia, i N. Carolina, S S. Carolina, 4 Georgia, S Florida, 55 70* 33 24 6/ LOCAL ELEMENT. New Jersey only, or N. J.-Del., 5 N. J.-Southern N. Y., 3 N. J.-Mass., 5 Del.-Mass., ■ 4 17 LIST OF NEW JERSEY PINE BARREN PLANTS. I. Characteristic Pine Barren Species.^ — Those which occur locally or as stragglers in other districts are so indicated by the initial letters of the districts, i. e., M, Middle; C, Coast: C M. Cape May. So. N. Y. R. I. or Ct. Mass, I I 4 I 3 I 2 3 3 4 29 18 48 * Detailed lists on pp. 49-56. The number of species there attributed to the Pine Barrens may differ a trifle from the totals here given due to additional data on distributon received after these figures were compiled. tA few species which occur only in the Pine Barrens or in the Middle District and Pine Barrens are omitted from these lists since they are rare and not typical, but they are, of course, included in the numerical statement. PLANTS OP SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 77 Schizsea pusilla (c). Dryopteris simulata. Lycopodium chapmanii (Cj cm). " alopecuroides (cm). " carolinianum (c, cm). Chamsecyparis thyoides (m). Pinus rigida (m, c, cm). Sparganium americanum. Potamogeton oakesianus (cm). " confervoides. Sagittaria longirostra (cm). Eiianthus saccharoides. Panicum longifolium (cm). " meridionale (c, cm). " leucothrix. " sp return (c, cm). "' ensifolium (cm). " Glutei (cm). " lucidum (c, cm). " scabriusculum. " cryptanthum. " commonsianum (c, cm). " columbianum thinium (m, c, cm). Amphicarpon amphicarpon (cm). Sporobolus serotinus (m). " torreyanus (cm). Calamovilfa brevipilis. Agrostis elata (cm). Danthonia epilis. Cyperus cylindricus (m^ c, cm). " dentatus (m). Eleocharis robbinsii (m). " torreyana (cm). " tuberculosa (m, c, cm). " tricostata (m, cm). Scirpus subterminalis (cm). " longii. Eriophorum tenellum (m, cm). Rynchospora pallida (m, cm). " oligantha. " alba (m, c, cm). " knieskernii. filifolia. " gl. leptocarpa. " axillaris. " axillaris microcephala. " fusca (cm). " gracilenta (cm). " torreyana (cm). Cladium mariscoides (c, cm). Scleria triglomerata (m). " minor (m, cm). " torreyana (cm). Carex bullata (m). " walteriana (m, c). " livida. " barrattii (m, cm). " exilis. " atlantica (m). " trisperma. Orontium aquaticum (m, cm). Xyris caroliniana (cm). " congdoni (m). " fimbriata. " arenicola. Eriocaulon septangulare. " compressum (cm). " decangulare (cm). Juncus aristulatus (c, cm). " militaris (m). " csesariensis (m). Tofieldia racemosa. Abama americana. Xerophyllum asphodeloides (m). Uvularia nitida. Smilax tamnifolia (m, cm). " laurifolia (cm). " walteri (cm). Gyrotheca tinctoria (cm). Lophiola americana. Gymnadeniopsis Integra. Biephariglottis blephariglottis (m), cm). " cristata (m, cm). Pogonia divaricata (cm). Gyrostachys praecox (cm). " vernalis (c). Betula populifolia (m, c). Quercus marilandica (m, c, cm). " ilicifolia (m, c, cm). Arenaria caroliniana. Nymphcea variegata (m, cm). Brasenia purpurea (m, cm). Sarracenia purpurea (m, cm). Drosera filiformis (m, c). Itea virginica (u, cm). Meibomia sessilifolia. " striata (m). Lespedeza angustifolia (m, cm). 1 yS REPORT Ol^^ NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Lespedeza oblongi folia. Clitoria mariana (m, cm). Linum floridanum (c). Polygala liitca (m, cm). " cruciata (m, c, cm). " brevifolia (m). " mariana (cm). Euphorbia ipecacuanhje (m, cm). Corema conradii. Ilex glabra (m, c, cm). Acer rubrum caroliniaiuim (cm). Ascyrum stans (m, caj). Hypericum densiflorum (m). " virgatum ov'alifolium (m cm). Hudsonia ericoides (c). Lechea minor (m, cm). " racemulosa (m, cm). Rhexia mariana (m, cm). " aristata. Ludvigia linearis. " hirtella (cm). Proserpinaca pectinata (m, cm). Myriophyllum humile (m. c). Oxypolis rigidior longifolia. Azalea viscosa (m, c, cm). " glauca (m). Dendrium bnxifoJium. Kalmia angustifolia (m, c). Pieris mariana (m, c). Chamsedaphne calyculata (m). Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Gaylussacia dumosa (m, cm). Vaccinium corymbosum (m, c). " virgatum. Oxycoccus macrocarpus (m, c. cm). Pyxidanthera barbulata (m). Trichostema lineare (m). Sabbatia lanceolata (cm). Gentiana porphyrio (cm). Asclepias rubra (m, cm). Brevveria pickeringii. Cuscuta cephalanthi. Gcrardia holmiana. racemulosa. Schwalbea americana. Utricularia cornuta. subulata (m, c). cleistogama (cm). inflata (m, cm). purpurea (m, cm). clandestina (m). ■' intermedia (m). fibrosa (m). " virgatula (cm). Galium pilosum puncticulosum (cm). Lobelia nuttallii (m, c, cm). " canbyi. Nabalus virgatus. Sclerolepis uniflora (cm). Eupatorium album (m, c, cm). " album subvenosum. " resinosum. " leucolepis (c, cm). Lacinaria gramin. pilosa (m, c, cm). Chrysopsis falcata. Solidago stricta. " puberula (m, cm). " erecta (m, cm). " uniligulata. " fistulosa (m, c, cm). Aster nemoralis (m). gracilis (m, c, cm). " spectabilis (m^ cm). " dumosus (m, c, cm). Doellingcria umbellata humilis. Helianthus angustifolius (m, c, cm). Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba (c, cm). II. species common to both the pine barrens and middle district. Pteridium aquilinum. Woodwardia virginica. " areolata. Osmunda cinnamomea. " regalis. Pinus echinata. Potamogeton epihydrus. Sparganium amer. androcladum. Andropogon scoparius. " corymbosus abbreviatus. " virginicus. Paspalum setaceum. PLANTS 0;F SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 79 Panicum verrucosum. " lindheimeri. " sphaerocarpon. " villosissimum. ^' oligosanthes. "" pseudopubescens. '' ashei. " columbianuni. *" addisonii. " tsugetorum. virgatum cubense. Aristida dichotoma. " gracilis. " purpurascens. Calamagrostis cinnoides. Agrostis hyemalis. Danthonia sericea. " spicata. Triplasis purpurea. Panicularia obtusa. Festuca octoflora. Cyperus flavescens. filiculmis macilentus. Eleocharis olivacea. tenuis. Scirpus americanus. " cyperinus. " eriophorum. Fimbristylis autumnalis. Eriophorum virginicum. Rynchospora glomerata. " macrostachya inundata. " smallii. Carex collinsii. " folliculata. " pennsylvanica. " umbellata " " tonsa. " canescens disjuncta. " albolutescens. " annectens. Xyris torta. Pontederia cordata. Juncus pelocarpus. " effusus. " tenuis. " dichotomus. " canadensis. " acuminatus. " " debilis. Zygadenus leimanthoides. Helonias bullata. Lilium superbum. Aletris farinosa. Smilax rotundifolia. " glauca. Hypoxis hirsuta. Iris prismatica. Sisyrinchiuni atlanticum. Cypripedium acaule. Gymnandeniopsis clavellata. Blephariglottis ciliaris. Pogonia ophioglossoides. Arethusa bulbosa. Limodorum tuberosum. Gyrostachys beckii. cernua. Listera australis. Populus grandidentata. Comptonia peregrina. Alnus rugosa. Quercus alba. " minor. " prinus. " prinoides. Polygonella articulata. Phoradendron flavescens. Castalia odorata. Magnolia virginiana. Drosera longifolia. " rotundifolia. Sassafras sassafras. Rubus hispidus. " villosus. " cuneifolius. Aronia nigra. " arbutifolia. Amelanchier intermedia. Crataegus tomentosus. Baptisia tinctoria. Lupinus perennis. Cracca virginiana. Stylosanthes biflora. Meibomia michauxii. " rigida. " obtusa. " marilandica. Lespedeza repens. " frutescens. " stuvei. 8o REPORT OI- NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Lespcdeza hirta. Apios apios. Galactia rcgularis. Linum striatum. Polygala nuttallii. " polygama. Crotonopsis linearis. Rhus vernix. Ilicioides mucronata. Ilex laevigata. Ascyrum hypericoides. Hypericum canadense. Sarothra gentianoides. Triadenum virginicum. Helianthemum canadense. Lechea villosa. " leggettii. Viola lanceolata. Rotala ramosior. Decodon verticillatus. Rhexia virginica. Ludvigia alternifolia. " sphaerocarpa. Chamaenerion angustifolium. Epilobium coloratum. Nyssa sylvatica. Clethra alnifolia. Rhododendron maximum. Kalmia latifolia. Leucothoe raccmosa. Xolisma ligustrina. Epigaea repens. Gaultheria procumbens. Gaylusacia baccata. " frondosa. Vaccinium vaccillans. " atrococcum. Lysimachia terrestris. Trientalis borealis. Bartonia virginica. " paniculata. Limnanthemum lacunosum. Asclepias amplcxicaulis. Cuscuta compacta. arvcnsis. Trichostema dichotomum. Koellia mutica. " verticillata. Lycopus sessilifolius. Linaria canadensis. Gratiola aurea. Dasystoma pcdicularis. Gerardia purpurea. Mclampyrum lineare. Utricularia gibba. Cephalanthus occidentalis. Diodia teres. Viburnum nudum. " cassinoides. Adopogon carolinianum. Hieracium gronovii. " venosum. Nabalus trifoliatus. Eupatorium pubescens. " rotundifolium. verbenaefolium. " hyssopifolium. Chrysopsis mariana. Solidago bicolor. " nemoralis. " odora. " neglecta. " rugosa. Euthamia caroliniana. Sericocarpus asteroidcs. linifolius. Aster concolor. " patens. " undulatus. " novi-belgii. lonactis linariifolius. Gnaphalium obtusifolium. " purpureum. Helianthus divaricatus. Coreopsis rosea. THE MIDDLE DISTRICT. What I have termed the Middle District occupies that portion of the coastal plain which lies west and north of the Pine Barrens, reaching around the bay shore to Dennisville, although its sepa- PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 8i ration from the Cape May district is purely an arbitrary one. To the north it stretches up to the head of the Hackensack marshes, and inckides Staten Island, part of Long Island, as well as a strip of eastern Pennsylvania lying east of the fall line, comprising a considerable section of Bucks County and Tinicum township, in Delaware County. The lower part of Philadelphia also be- longed to this district, though its native flora is now practically exterminated. This is the region referred to by Dr. Arthur Hollick in his interesting paper on "The Relation Between Forestry and Geology in New Jersey"* as the "Tension Zone," "because it is there that the two floras [i. e., the deciduous forest of the north- ern uplands and the coniferous forest of the Pine Barrens] meet and overlap, producing a constant state of strain or tension in the struggle for advantage." Dr. Hollick was admittedly drawing his conclusions mainly from a study of the northern edge of the Pine Barrens as seen in the "tongues" which cross a line from Monmouth Junction to Farmingdale, and was not in possession of detailed information on the distribution of species in the southern part of the State. He, therefore, missed the fact that the so-called "Tension Zone" is not merely a mixture of elements from the northern counties and the Pine Barrens, but is characterized by a large number of peculiar species which are as foreign to one of the above regions as they are to the other. Some of the trees which are peculiar to the Middle District as contrasted with the Northern Uplands and Pine Barrens are Dospyros virginiana, Ilex opaca, Pinus virginiana, Quercus phellos, Betula nigra, Liquidambar sty- raciflna. Dr. Hollick states that all of these occur in the Conif- erous Zone, but, as a matter of fact, they are unknown in the Pine Barrens, though they re-occur on the coast strip and in the Cape May district. Therefore, while I heartily agree with Dr. Hollick's contention that "the mechanical structure of the soil" is the most potent factor in the distribution of plants, I fail to appreciate the importance of "tension" in the vegetation of this zone. To me it seems to be a division of the coastal plain of equal rank with the Pine Barrens. * Report on Forests, Ann. Rep. State Geol. N. J. for 1899, pp. 177-201. 6 MUS 82 REPORT ()]• X1':\V U^KSl'V STATl-. MTSKUM. This Middle district is eminently an a.e^ricultnnil one and largely y^iven over to truck farms, so that the original flora is exterminated over larj^e areas. Bogs and swamps have been drained to a great extent and much forest land has disappeared. There are still, however, along- the banks of creeks and streams and in other situations sufficient remnants to form a pretty accurate idea of the constituents of the flora. Fig. 4. — Range of Erythronium americanum, a species which enters the upper edge of the Middle District. The region comprises all of the cretaceous formation, and part of the tertiary, as already explained, but peculiarities in distribu- tion conform not to the boundaries of these areas, but rather to the areas of marl, sand or other varieties of surface soil. Several elements or intrusions may be detected in this flora of the Middle district : PI^ANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 83 (i) Plants that have spread over from the country north of the fall line, most noticeable in the northwestern part of Burling- ton County and northern Monmouth County (Fig. 4). (2) The isolated Pine Barren colonies or islands already re- ferred to. (3) Species which seem to have their center of abundance in the Cape May district or more properly in Delaware (Fig. 5). Pig- 5- — Range of Lobelia puherula, a Cape May plant which pushes along the coast and Lower Middle District. In the bogs at Delanco and Repaupo, close to the Delaware, and to a less extent in some of the others occur certain decidedly boreal species, which probably owe their presence here to some earlier phenomenon than the recent influx of upland species across the fall line. These occurrences are parallel with the presence of Rhododendron and Ilicioides in the swamps of the Pine Barrens. 84 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Such species are M iihlenbergia foliosa, Carcx limosa, Brio- phoruni gnicilc, Scirpus torreyi, Schenchzeria paliistris, Meiiy- anthes trifoliatits. The district presents many varieties of vegetation. Tlie tide- water creeks along the Delaware support Zizania paliistris, Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, Peltandra virginica, Sagittaria latifolia, NyiiipJicra advcna, Polygonum sagittattim, P. arifolimn, Bidens Iccvis, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Sambiicus canadensis, etc., etc. In the swampy meadows characteristic species are Bupatorium maculatimi, B. perfoliatiim Soldiago rugosa, Bnthamia graniini- foUa, Mimulus ringens, Chelone glabra, Lobelia cardinalis, Ver- nonia noveboraceiisis, Aster novi-belgii, A. puniceiis, Ctisciita gronovii, Galium asprellum, Almis rugosa, Asclepias pnlchra, etc., etc. Woodlands vary a great deal in composition. Near the Dela- ware in Camden County are some almost exclusively composed of beech, Fagus grandifolia, with which are associated Quercus rubra and Q. alba, with very little undergrowth and such herbs as Leptamnium virginianum, Hypopitys hypopitys, Chimaphila maculata, Peramium pubescent and Mitchella repens. Pure beech woods, however, are rare, and the typical West Jersey woods, especially along the streams, consist of Quercus phellos, Q. paliistris, Q. triloba, Liquidambar styracifliia, Lirio- dendron tiilipifera, Fagus grandifolia, Corpinus caroliniana, Cormts Horida, Bctula nigra, Nyssa sylvatica, Hicoria alba, H. glabra. Primus serotina, Diospyros virginiana, with undergrowth of Viburnum dentatiim, Ilex opaca, Azalea nudiHora, Bvonymus americanus, etc. In other spots more remote from water an almost pure growth of Piniis virginiana occurs, with huckleberries here and there and such herbs as Cypripedium acaiile, Silene caroliniana, Chimaphila maculata, C. iiinbcllata, Pyrola rotundifolia, P. chlorantha, P. secunda, Asclepias amplexicaulis, various species of Panic lun, etc., etc. In the bogs some Pine Barren species often occur, with such other species as Polygala viridescens, Castilleja coccinea, Lobelia cardinalis, Gentiana crinita, Gentiana saponaria, Sanguisorba PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 85 canadensis^ Caltha palustris, etc., none of which occur in the Pines. Numerically the flora of the IMiddle District comprises, exclusive of weeds, 1138 Obvious intrusions or "relicts" from the Pine Barrens or from other districts, 114 Plants common to the northern half of the State, but occurring only in the upper part of the Middle District, 655 769 Characteristic Middle District Flora, 369 Systematically these are grouped as follows : Pterydophytes, 8 Gymnosperms, 3 Monocotyledons Graminese, 39 Cyperacese, 2>2) Others, 40 112 Dicotyledons Polypetalae, 128 Monopetala;, 118 246 369 Considering the entire Middle district flora, exclusive of the 114 intrusions, i. e. 1,023 species, we find the range of the species is as follows : WIDE RANGING. Whole of North America, 18 Canadian Provinces to Virginia-Florida, 353 Maine to Virginia-Florida, 258 NORTHERN ELEMENT. Plants ranging south to N. J. Del. or Md. From Labrador, 7 3 Newfoundland, 12 8 Nova Scotia, 8 8 New Brunswick, 2 2 Maine, 15 9 New Hampshire, i Vermont, 2 i 46* 32 * For list of species, see pp. 49-56. 86 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. SOUTHERN ELEMENT. Plants ranging north to N. J. So. N. Y. Ct. or R. I. Mass. From Virginia 3 3 2 ll N. Carolina, 2 4 i 6 S. Carolina, 2 3 3 4 Georgia, Q 7 7 19 Florida 53 39 35 85 69* 56 48 125 LOCAL ELEMENT. New Jersey only, 3 New Jersey-Maryland, 2 Long Island-New Jersey, i Long Island-Delaware, i R. I.-Delaware, i Massachusetts to N. J., i " " Delaware, 4 " Maryland, 5 LIST OF CHARACTERISTIC MIDDLE DISTRICT PLANTS. To the following 167 species are to be added the 202 common to the Pine Barrens (see p. 78) : Lygodium palmatum. Dryopteris thelypteris. Equisetum arvense. Sorghastrum nutans. Juniperus virginiana. Pinus virginiana. Paspalum prostratum. Panicum stipitatum. " depauperatum. " dichotomum. " microcarpon. " barbulatum. " scribnerianum. Stipa avenacea. Deschampsia flexuosa. Gymnopogon ambiguus. Eragrostis pectinacea. Panicularia nervata. " pallida. Cyperus retrofractus. " hystricinus. Carex lupulina. " intumescens. " vestita. " caroliniana. " triceps. " oblita. " interior. " varia emmonsii. " vulpinoidea. " scoparia. Arisaema triphyllum. " pusillum. Peltandra virginica. Spathyema foetida. Juncus marginatus. " scirpoides. Uvularia sessilifolia. * For list of species, see pp. 49-56. PLANTS O'F SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 87 Uvularia perfoliata. Polygonatum commutatum. Medeola virginiana. Dioscorea villosa. Saururus cernuus. Hicoria glabra. Carpinus caroliniana. Betula nigra. Fagus grandifolia. Castanea dentata. Quercus rudkini. " palustris. " phellos. " triloba. Morus rubra. Comandra umbellata. Rumex verticillatus. Polygonum tenue. " punctatum. " sagittatum. " arifolium. " scandens. Silene caroliniana. Liriodendron tulipifera. Aquilegia canadensis. Anemone quinquefolia. Clematis virginiana. Ranunculus hispidus. Thalictrum polygamum. Benzoin aestivale. Spiraea lati folia. " tomentosa. Pragaria virginiana. Potentilla canadensis. Geum canadense. Rosa Carolina. Prunus serotina. Cassia nictitans. Meibomia nudiflora, " paniculata. Lespedeza nuttallii. " A'irginica. " capitata. Falcata comosa. Geranium maculatum. " carolinianum. Polygala viridesccns. Rhus copallina. " radicans. Ilex opaca. " verticillata. Impatiens biflora. Vitis labrusca. " aestivalis. Psedera quinquefolia. Hypericum mutilum. Viola pedata. " cucullata. " sagittata. " primutefolia. " rafinesquii. Opuntia opuntia. Onagra biennis. Oenothera laciniata. Kneiffia pumila. Sanicula canadensis. Cicuta maculata. Slum cicutasfolium. Angelica villosa. Oxypolis rigidior. Cornus florida. " amomum. Pyrola rotundifolium. Chimaphila maculata. Monotropa uniflora. Azalea nudiflora. Lysimachia quadrifolia. Diospyros virginiana. Sabatia angularis. Asclepias tuberosa. " variegata. Convolvulus sepium. Cuscuta gronovii. Phlox maculata. Myosotis virginica. Verbena hastata. Scutellaria lateriflora. " integrifolia. Hedeoma pulegioides. Koellia flexuosa. Lycopus americanus. Chelone glabra. Mimulus ringens. Dasystoma flava. Gerardia tenuifolia. Mitchella repens. Galium aparine. " clavtoni. 88 REPORT 01< NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. (jalium pilosum. Sambucus canadensis. Viburnum dentatum. Specularia perfoliata. Lobelia cardinalis. Adopogon virginicum. Lactuca canadensis. Vornonia noveboracensis. Eupatorium maculatum. '' perfoliatum. " aromaticum. Willugbseya scandens. Solidago serotina. " altissima. " canadensis. Euthamia graminifolia. Aster puniceus. lateriflorus. " ericoides. Docllingcria umbellata. Antcnnaria neodiocia. " ncglecta. " plantagini folia. " parlinii. Helianthus gigantcus. Bidens Isevis. " comosa. " frondosa. " bipinnata. Senecio aureus. Carduus discolor. " muticus. THE COASTAL STRIP. The existence of a coastal flora distinct from that of the Pine Barrens and independent of the maritime element was first recog- nized by the writer and pointed out in 1908.''' This is essentially a continuation of the flora of the Middle district around the northern and southern extremities of the Pine Barrens. North of Asbury Park it practically merges into the Middle district, while south of Sea Isle Junction it is not always clearly defined from similar elements of the Cape May district. On the coast islands from Bay Head to Sewell's Point, Cape May, it is well developed and contains, in addition to the Middle dis- trict species, a certain number of Pine Barren plants. The strip on the mainland is sometimes so narrow and so cut bv projecting arms of the Pine Barrens that it is obviously impossible to tell which species of the latter should be regarded as common also to the coastal strip. The only plan seems to be to include only such as have become established on the islands. While the coastal flora has been said to be largely identical with that of the Middle * Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1907, p. 452 (issued Jan. 20, 1908). This strip appears in Prof. John B. Smith's report on New Jersey Insects in last year's Museum Report. Prof. Smith consulted with me upon the construc- tion of this map and availed himself of the results of my studies upon the distribution of plants and vertebrate animals in New Jersey, but inadvertently failed to mention the fact or to refer to the paper just quoted. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 89 district, there is an additional element of a distinctly boreal nature found neither in the Middle district nor in the Pine Barrens.* Such species are starred in the following- list, the other species being plants of similar boreal distribution, but which occur also occasionally in the upper part of the Middle district, although much more abundant on the coast. Opliioglossum vulgatum. Lycopodium flabelliforme. Potamogeton pectinatus.* Cinna arundinacea. Bromus purgans.* Elymus striatus. Cyperus diandrus. Carex lanuginosa. Juncus articulatus.* Vagnera stellata.* Unifolium canadense. Leptorchis loeselii. Gyrostachys plantaginea. Populus tremuloides. Morus rubra. Parietaria pennsylvanica.* Silene stellata. Sagina procumbens.* Moehringia lateriflora. Aquilegia canadensis. Arabis lyrata. Fragaria virginica. Sanguisorba canadensis. Rosa virginiana.* Crataegus crus-galli. Falcata comosa. Phaseolus polystachyus. Geranium robertianum.* Polygala verticillata. Celastrus scandens. Hypericum boreale. Myriophyllum tenellum. Samolus floribundus. Sabatia angularis. Gentiana crinita. Gentiana andrewsii. Lycopus uniflorus. Scrophularia leporella. Helianthus giganteus. Carduus discolor. " muticus. The coast islands form a most interesting field for botanical study, but unfortunately the spread of seaside resorts has cleared one beach after another of its native flora until there is practically no untouched forest except the tract back of Ventnor and south of Atlantic City. This contains numbers of Pitch Pine Pimts rigida, as well as Red Cedar Juniperus virginiana, White Oak Quercus alba. Post Oak Q. stellata, Spanish Oak Q. triloba, Shadbush Amelanchier intermedia, Wild Cherry Pruniis serotina, Sumac Rhus copalina, Red Maple Acer rubwn. Grape Viiis cesti- * Dr. H. A. Pilsbry has found a precisely similar element in the Land Snail fauna of the coast strip in the woods below Atlantic City. Cf. The Nautilus, 191 1, pp. 34-35. go REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. z'alis, Holl\' Ilex opaca. Staff Vine Cclastrus sciuidcus. Sassafras v?. sossafraSj and Persimmon Diospyrus virgmiana. To the north the island beaches support no trees except a few Red Cedars, though the spit reaching from Bay Head southward contains Querciis phcllos, Ilex opaca, Quercus ilicifolm, Finns rigida. To the south there was until two years ago, quite a wooded thicket at the upper end of Ocean City, comprising the same species as those found near Ventnor, except the Pine. Sea Isle Beach supported only a few Cedars, as did Two-Mile Beach, just above Cape May, but the two intervening islands, Seven and Five-Mile Beaches, were thickly wooded. Pines were very rare, two small ones only, on Seven-Mile and no record for Five-Mile. The abundant species were the same as those found back of Ventnor on the Atlantic City Island, with the addition of Willow Oak Qiiercus phellos, Red Mulberry Moms rubra, Hackberr)^ Ccltis occidentalis and Magnolia virginiana on Seven- Mile Beach, and most of them on Five-Mile Beach as well. On Seven-Mile Beach immense sand dunes (see pi. CXXIX), towering higher than the forest, shut it off from the sea, but my last visit there found a gang of men cutting dow-n the forest, while steam shovels were leveling the dunes, and dirt cars carried off the sand to be used in the manufacture of concrete houses. Five-Mile Beach has suffered similar "improvement." Fortunately good series of the flora of these two islands, now all but extinct, are preserved in the Academy of Natural Sciences and University of Pennsylvania, while Dr. Thos. S. Githens, Prof. Chas. H. LaWall* and the writer have made considerable collections at Ventnor. An "Ecological Study of the New Jersey Strand Flora," presented by Dr. J. W. Harshberger in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, 1900, p. 623, contains a good account of the forest of Five-Mile Beach. A list of the plants peculiar to the coast strip follows, A few of them occur occasionally in the Middle district, but they are far more abundant on the coast. These are additional to those starred in the preceding list on p. 89, and a number of them are of austral affinities. * Cf. Bartonia, 1910, pp. 12-21. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 91 Tripsacum dactyloides. Atriplex hastata. Erianthus saccharoides. Cardamine arenicola. Panicum virgatum. Bradburya virginiana. " oricola. Kosteletzkya virginica. " Hnearifolium. Hudsonia tomentosa. " scoparium. Lechea maritima. " mattamusketense. Ludwigiantha arcuata. " lanuginosum. Hydrocotyle verticillata. Spenopholis obtusata. Convolvulus repens. Cyperus grayi. Lippia lanceolata. " microdontus. Koellia aristata. Scleria verticillatta. Baccharis halimifolia. Myrica carolinensis. The following list comprises some of the species characteristic of the Coast strip as contrasted with the Pine Barrens, but which are also common in West Jersey : Juniperus virginiana. Oenothera biennis. Panicum huachucas. Proserpinaca palustris. Tridens flavus. Sium cicutifolium. Elymus virginicus. Oxypolus rigidior. Cyperus rivularis. Cornus florida. Carex tenuis. Sabatia angularis. Vagnera racemosa. Asclepias pulchra. Quercus phellos. Verbena hastata. Celtis occidentalis. Salvia lyrata. Polygonum scandens. Lycopus americanus. " punctatum. Gerardia purpurea. Benzoin aestivale. Galium claytoni. Liquidambar styraciflua. Sambucus canadensis. Geum canadense. Viburnum dentatum. Rosa Carolina. Lobelia cardinalis. Strophostyles helvula. Vernonia noveboracensis. Ilex opaca. Eupatorium maculatum. Impatiens biflora. " perfoliatum. Vitis labrusca. Solidago altissima. Hibiscus moscheutos. Helenium autumnale. Hypericum mutilum. Carduus spinosissimus. Opuntia opuntia. The coast strip flora, exclusive of the halophytes of the strand and salt marshes, comprises S24 species Of these there are local intrusions from other districts, 32 True coast strip flora, 492 These range as follows : ^J. Del. orMd. I 10 I I 2 I 2 2 6 \.Y. Ct.orR. I. Mass. I 5 I I 5 o 3 I 2 8 27 20 52 92 REPORT OK NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. WIDE RANGING. Throughout North America, 12 Canadian Provinces to Virginia-Florida, 156 Maine-N. Hampshire to Virginia-Florida, 134 NORTHERN ELEMENT. Plants ranging south to N.J From Labrador, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, 15 SOUTHERN ELEMENT. Plants ranging north to N. J. From Virginia, i N. Carolina, i S. Carolina, i Georgia i Florida, 28 32 29 24 73 LOCAL ELEMENT. New Jerse}' only, 2 Long Island to New Jersey, I Mass. to New Jersey, I Mass. to Delaware, i Mass. to Maryland, i 6 THE CAPE MAY DISTRICT.* The Cape May peninsula south of the Great Cedar Swamp, stretching from Dennisville to Sea Isle Junction, is for conven- ience regarded as a separate district. As a matter of fact, it consists of a joining of the coast strip flora and that of the Middle District, which comes around the bay shore from the west. The Pine Barren element is also present, but in more or less isolated patches and dilute in character. Pine woods are comparatively scarce, and occur mainly on the * Cf. "Scheyichbi and the Strand," Edw. S. Wheeler, 1876, for account of the Cape Maj^ District. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 93 western side of the peninsula, while even there we find nothing like the open pitch pine woods of tjie Pine Barrens. The country is largely cultivated along the coast and in the lower portion of the peninsula, but the native flora is jiowhere destroyed as in the marl belt of the Middle District. An interesting feature of the flora of the peninsula is the recurrence of many upland species, especially about Cold Spring and Bennett, which are rare or absent between this point and the northern portion of the Middle district in Burlington and Monmouth Counties, also the presence of certain' other northern species not known elsewhere south of the fall line. Such species are as follows: Botrychium virginicum. Calamagrostis canadensis. Sphenopholis palustris. Poa brevifolia. Panicularia septentrionalis. Carex buxbaumii. " festucacea brevior. Arisaema dracontium. Veratrum viride. Uvularia perfoliata. Allium canadense. Blephariglottis lacera. Corallorhiza odontorhiza. Peramium pubescens. Carpinus caroliniana. Betula nigra. Fagus grandifolia. Quercus rubra. Aristolochia serpentaria. Polygonum virginianum. Liriodendron tulipifera. Cimicifuga racemosa. Anemone virginiana. Clematis virginiana. Ranunculus hispidus. Thalictrum revolutum. Menispermum canadense. Sanguinaria canadensis. Saxifraga pennsylvanica. Saxifraga virginiana. In contrast to this is a certain southern element especially noticeable to the west of Bennett and Cold Spring, but spread Heuchera americana. Geum canadensis. Agrimonia mollis. Cassia marilandica. Meibomia nudiflora. Oxalis violacea. Linum virginianum. Sanicula marilandica. Angelica villosa. Cornus florida. Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Menyanthes trifoliata. Pblox maculata. Scutellaria pilosa. " galericulata.* Koellia flexuosa. Cunila origanoides. Chelone glabra. Pedicularis lanceolata. Pedicularis canadensis. Galium circaezans. Viburnum pruni folium. Triosteum perfoliatum. Campanula aparinoides. Adopogon virginicum. Lactuca spicata. Aster macrophyllus. Erigeron pulchellus. Senecio aureus. 94 REPORT OK NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. more or less over the whole lower third of the peninsula. Most of these species are restrictecl to the Cape May District, but a few have spread northward in the lower Middle District, and constitute the "Cape May element" referred to under that head — /. c, Pinus scrotina, Paspaluin membranaceum, Aristida lonosa, Gymnopogon hrcvifolius, Eleocharis tortilis, Hypericum adpres- smn, Gratiola sphaerocarpa, Lobelia puberula. In the same category should probably be placed Cyperiis pseudovcgetits, Poly- gala incarnata, and a few other species rare in the Middle Dis- trict and not yet detected on the Cape May peninsula. A few of the Cape May plants also spread northward along the coast strip for a short distance. All of the plants peculiar to Cape May, which are of southern affinities, are found immediately across the bay in Delaware, where the flora is practically the same.* The Cape May flora numbers in all 658 species ; of these there may be deducted as local intrusions 8, leaving 650 species. None of the Pine Barren species have been deducted, since they vary so in their abundance in the Cape May district that it is impossible to say which should be regarded as true members of the flora and which as intrusions or relicts. Considering the general range of the species, they fall into the following categories : WIDE RANGING. Throughout North America, 13 Canadian Provinces to Virginia-Florida, 182 Maine to Virginia-Florida, 164 NORTHERN ELEMENT. Ranging south to N. J. Del. or Md. From Newfoundland 5 3 New Brunswick, 2 Nova Scotia, o 2 Maine, i 2 New Hampshire, i o 9 7 *Cf. Williamson Torreya, 1909, p. 160, and Harper Torrcya, 1909, p. 217, ,for notes on the Delaware flora and Shreve et al. Plant Life of Maryland (vol. 3, publ. Md. Weather Service, 1910) for account of that of Maryland. PLfANTS O'F SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 95 SOUTHERN ELEMENT. Plants ranging north to N.J. So. N. Y. From Virginia, i 2 N. Carolina, 2 i S. Carolina, 2 o Georgia, 6 2 Florida, t^) 48 Ct. or R. I. I I 3 5 26 Mass. 6 7 2 8 67 84 53 36 90 LOCAL ELEMENT. New Jersey only, i New Jersey to Maryland, i Long Island to New Jersey, 3 Mass. to Del. or Md., 6 Species Peculiar to the Cape May District, or Spreading Slightly Northward in the Middle or Coast Districts. Pinus tseda. " serotina. Taxodium distychum. Coelorachis rugosa. Paspalum membranaceum. " plenipilum. " glabratum. Panicum hemitomon. " condensum. " commutatum. " angustifolium. " aciculare. " caerulescens. " wrightianum. Sacciolepis striata. Chaetochloa magna. Aristida lanosa. Sporobolus asper. Gymnopogon brevifolius. Poa brachyphylla. Eleocharis quadrangulata. ocreata. Eleocharis melanocarpa. tortilis. Psilocarya nitens. Rynchospora macrostachya. " rariflora. (Carex buxbaumii).* ( " festucacea brevior).* Xyris elata. Juncus setaceus. Gymnadeniopsis nivea. Blephariglottis peramoena. Tipularia discolor. Myrica cerifera. Polygonum eciliatum. " setaceum. Lespedeza stuvei neglecta. Galactia volubllis. Falcata pitcheri. Malus angustifolia. Hypericum adpressum. Hottonia inflata. (Menyanthes trifoliata).* * Peculiar to the Cape May District so far as southern New Jersey is con- cerned, but of distinctly boreal affinities. Poa brachyphylla and Panicum com- mutatum occur farther north in Pennsylvania, etc., and are not quite in the same class with the other species here listed, but their affinities are austral. 96 REPORT OK NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Lycopus rubelliis. Gratiola pilosa. " sphacrocarpa. Utricularia radiata. " juncea. " resupinata. Tecoma radicans. Rucllia ciliosa. Plantago elongala. Diodia virginiana. Galium hispidulum. Eupatorium coelestimtm. Solidago elliotii. Boltonia asteroides. Pluchea foetida. Senecio tomentosus. THE MARITIME FLORA. It is by no means as easy as would appear at first thought to separate the truly maritime plants, the halophytes of the strand and the salt marsh from plants of the coastal strip which occur along the edge of the salt marsh where it joins the upland or interior flora. Furthermore, some plants of the latter group, while strictly coastal in New Jersey, do not seem to be so else- where. The main divisions of the maritime district are easily recog- nized : ( i) the beach. (2) the sand dunes, and (3) the salt marsli.* On the beach we have : Polygonum maritimum. Atriplex arenaria. Salsola kali. Amaranthus pumilus. besuviiim maritimum. Ammodenia peploides. Cakile edentula. Xanthium ecliinatum. Also often individuals of Cenchrus. Ammophila, Carex, Oeno- thera and Bnphorhia from the dunes. On the dunes occur : Panicum amarum. Andropogon littoralis. Cenchrus tribiiloides. Ammophila arenaria. Eragrostis pectinacea spectabilis. *Cyperus grayi. Carex silicia. Rumex hastatulus. Chenopodium leptophyllum. Lathyrus maritimus. *Prunus maritima. Euphorbia polygonifolia. Hudsonia tomentosa. Lechea maritima. *Polygonclla articulata. Oenothera humifusa. * For more minute divisions of. Harshberger. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 623 et seq.. 1902," 642-669. A star before a name indicates that the species is not truly or exclusively maritime and has already been discussed in another category. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 97 Also XantJiiiiiii from the beach and Pscdcra quiiiqiicfolia and other interior plants. Both the Priimis and Polygonella occur commonly in the Middle and Pine Barren districts, while the Hudsonia and Lcchca are occasional in the Pines. The true salt marsh vegetation consists of the following species : Triglochin maritimum. Spartina cynosuroides. " patens. " glabra. Diplachne fascicularis. Puccinellia fasciculata. Distichlis spicata. Cyperus nuttallii. Eleocharis rostellata. Fimbristylis castanea. Scirpus americanus. " nanus. robnstus. Juncus gerardi. Polygonum proliferum. " atlanticum. Chenopodium rubnim. Atriplex hastata. Salicornia europsea. '' bigelovii. Salicornia ambigua. Dondia americana. linearis. Bassia hirsuta. *Acnida cannabina. Tissa oligosperma. Oxygraphis cymbalaria. *Kosteletzkya virginica. Glaux maritima. Lilaeopsis linearis. Sabatia stellaris. Gerardia maritima. Plantago decipiens. halophila. Solidago sempervirens. Aster tenuifolius. " subulatus. Iva oraria. Baccharis halimifolia. Pluchea camphorata. Of these Spartina patens, Distichlis spicata, Juncus gerardi, Salicornia europo'a, S. bigelovii and S. ambigua make up the bulk of the vegetation on the open marsh, more sandy spots sup- port Cyperus nuttallii, Plantago niaritinw, Dondia linearis, D. americana, Bassia hirsuta. Polygonum atlanticiitn, P. proliferum, etc., while along the edges of the creeks and thoroughfares which occur everywhere through the marshes grow Spartina cyno- suroides, Iva oraria and Baccharis halimifolia. Solidago senipenirens and Atriplex hastata occur in almost any situation except out on the open flat marsh. Some of these plants, notably Sabatia stellaris and Koste- letzkya virginica, grow along the border of the "upland", and belong better, perhaps, with the following, which are usually associated with them : 7 MUS 98 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM, Chaetocliloa magna. *Lythrum lineare. *Chaetocliloa versicolor. Eryngium aquaticum. Echinocliloa walteri. *Sabatia dodecandra. *Festuca rubra. *Asclepias lanceolata. Elymus halophilus. *Teucrium canadense littorale. Fuircna squarrosa. Ptilimnium capillaceum. " hispida. Some of both of the last hsts also occur in the moist hollows among the dunes, where we also find : *Samolus floribundus. *Agrostis maritima. *Limosella tenuifolia. *Sphcnopholis obtusata. *ZanichelIia palustris. *S. obtusata pubescens. While the species in the last three lists are typical coast plants, some of them occur also in other districts, and some are, per- haps, better referred to the coastal strip already described than to the maritime. In salt water along the coast we find Zostera marina and Riippia maritima, the latter extending into brackish or even fresh ponds, and where larger streams come down to tlie coast or where extensive fresh marshes join the brackish ones we find Scirpus olneyi, Typha angustifolia, T. laiifolia and Phragmites phragmites. Of the eighty-nine species referred to in this discussion of the maritime flora eighteen have been considered under other sections in the preceding discussions and estimates, though, as already said, the division is sometimes an arbitrary one. These species have been starred to distinguish them from those regarded as truly maritime. When the 71 maritime species are grouped according to their general range we find them divided as follows : WIDE RANGING. Canadian Provinces to Virginia-Florida 21 Maine to Virginia-Florida, 10 Maine to Delaware, I PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 99 NORTHERN ELEMENT. Ranging south to N. J. From Labrador, 3 Newfoundland, 4 Nova Scotia, 4 Maine, 2 13 SOUTHERN ELEMENT. Plants ranging north to N. J. So. N. Y. Ct. or R. I. Mass. From N. Carolina, o o i o Georgia, o i o Florida, 4 3 3 ^3 4 3 5 13 • LOCAL ELEMENT. Massachusetts to Maryland, i New Jersey only, I WEEDS AND ADVENTIVE VEGETATION. Important as is the study of weeds from an economic or ecologic standpoint, they have little or no significance in a geo- graphic discussion of plant life, their principal function being to aid in obliterating all trace of the original range of the native veg^etation. In the Middle district the woodland, the beds of tide-water creeks and an occasional undrained bog are all that remain of the original vegetation. All the cultivated and waste ground is given over to weeds or introduced plants. In the Pine Barrens, however, the great bulk of the ground is still occupied by the native flora, and weeds creep in only where settlements have been established and even then not as abun- dantly as in the Middle district. It seems as if artificial interference with the native flora was necessary to the establishment and maintenance of weeds. So soon as the ground is cleared and the sod turned, weeds appear, though previously they were unable to gain a foothold. Traffic along the roads of the Pine Barrens must bring many weed TOO REPORT Ol- XI^W JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. seeds into the heart of the region, but they seldom esta])lish themselves exee])t when cnltix'ated tracts give them the o|)])or- tunity. Even along the railroads they seldom spread beyond the artificial road-bed, and when broad, close-cropped clearings are maintained on each side of the track as a guard against fire, and weeds do become establislied there, tliey are soon exterminated when the native vegetation is allowed to assume a normal growth. Cultivation not onlv opens the way for the introduction of foreign plants brought unintentionally by man to wdiatever country he g'oes, just like the various animal i)ests, but it tends to develop weeds out of a portion of the native vegetation. Most native plants are exterminated immediately or in a short time after cultivation, but others seem to find ideal conditions in the altered environment and become cjuite as much weeds as the foreign introductions. Such species as Polygonum pennsyl- vauicuni, P. cwiciilarc, Brigcron anuuiis. B. raiiwsiis, Lcj^lilon cauadcnsc, OcnotJicra biennis, Bobclia inflata. Ambrosia arte- ■misicufolia, Tridens Uavus, etc., etc., are known to be native, but all trace of their original range has been lost. In New Jersev certain species native of the Middle district have become \veeds, notably Linaria canadensis, Oenothera sinnata, Monarda punctata, etc., and these plants seem to take hold in the Pine Barren clearings more abundantly than the foreign weeds. In the Pine Barren bogs the flooding incidental to cranberry growing is cpiite as detrimental to the native flora as the clear- ing and plowing of the forest. Many of the orchids, Abama, Tofieldia, and other bog species are exterminated, but curiously enough Gyrotheca tinctoria- becomes a most troublesome weed, increasing enormously in all cultivated bogs where it may be present, and Amphjcarpon oinphicarpon swarms over the recently erected sand dykes like a veritable weed of long standing. Dr. Arthur Hollick has spoken of the Middle district as the "Tension Belt," but it seems to me the real tension belt is in cleared areas in the Pine Barrens where native and introduced weeds and certain Middle district plants have managed to get a foothold and maintain themselves as long as cultivation con- tinues. When this ceases then the native flora asserts itself and seems generally able to re-establish its supremacy and extermi- PLA-NTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. loi nate the intruders. Native weeds seem to gain the ascendancy over the foreign ones, and then the forest and underbrush gradually returns. In old fields grown up to Andropogon grass young pines de- velop rapidly along wath sassafras, followed by various smaller shrubs and herbs. In more arid sections we often find traces of a clearing with a depression marking the location of a house all covered with a growth of sand blackberry, Rnbus cuncifolius, or sweet fern, Comptonia asplenifolia. Where cedar swamps have been cut or burned over there often develops immediately an abundance of cattail, Typha latifolia; wool grass, Scirpiis eriophoruiii, some distinctly Middle dis- trict species and often Phraguiites, but soon the magnolia and alder send up new shoots, quantities of chain ferns, JVoodzuardia virginica appear, and later young cedars begin to grow, and eventually the intruders are exterminated. In West Jersey (Middle District) cultivation is seldom allowed to make a retrograde movement, and settlements are seldom abandoned as they have been among the pines. In cer- tain cases, however, I have seen examples of reforestation here just as in the Pine Barrens, only that the sweet gum is the invad- ing pioneer instead of the pitch pine. There is no evidence of invasion of the Middle District by the Pine Barren element as suggested by Dr. Hollick, the tendency being all the other way, though, as already explained, only made possible by the agency of man. The Middle District flora long ago occupied all land where surface soil conditions were favorable right up to the Pine Barren boundary and advances to-day only where those condi- tions are extended artificially into the pines. In extensive Pine Barren settlements of long standing, as Vine- land, Landisville, Hammonton, etc., a good many native plants of the ^Middle district have followed the weeds and become estab- lished where richer soil has been developed, and, while tliey are listed in the following pages, the fact of their origin should be borne in mind, and their presence at these stations should not be regarded as evidence that these species were originally found in the Pine Barrens. I02 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. ORIGIN AND REL-\TI0NSIIIP OF THE COASTAL PLAIN FLORA OF NEW JERSEY. The aim of the present work is to present facts rather than to advance theories, as it is the opinion of the writer that deductions as to the origin and relationship of our flora can be more accu- rately drawn when we have carefully prepared lists covering the more southern sections of the coastal plain, for comparison. Certain ideas, however, have suggested themselves as the collec- tion of data has progressed, which it may not be out of place to present. In the first place, in regard to the distribution of plants in general, the writer was under the impression that plants were subject to so many irregularities that, except the trees and some shrubs, they did not accord very satisfactorily with the life zones as based upon the distribution of birds and mammals. This idea, however, proves to be wrong, as, with the exception of weeds, plants, dowai to the smaller herbs, seem to accord with remarkable accuracy to natural zones and areas, where the influence of man has not disturbed nature's equilibrium. We find certain species following the austral zones in the east up to the northern ex- tremity of the coastal plain and pushing up the Mississippi valley, just as do the birds and mammals. This point is entirely lost in the brief statements of range given in the manuals. A plant of austral affinities may have a range similar to the above, reaching Massachusetts and Minnesota at the northernmost points of its range in the east and west respectively. The manuals will give its distribution as Massachusetts to Minnesota south to Florida, although it is absent from nearly half of that area, and in Penn- sylvania, for instance, occurs only in the Delaware and Ohio valleys at the eastern and western extremeties of the State. The meagreness of accurate data of this sort is a serious hindrance to the study of the geographic distribution of our plants. The irregularities in the distribution of plants — that is to say, the departure from the boundaries of the life zones, is apparently largely due to the local nature of a plant as opposed to the free- ranging animal. Seeds washed down a river may germinate far PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 103 south of the true habitat of their species, and the immediate spot may be such as to enable the young plant to persist for a few years or a few generations, though it eventually perishes. So,. too, when a species of plant is practically exterminated, local colonies will persist in spots where the immediate environment is suitable for their existence, while similar colonies of mammals require a very much larger area of congenial environment to prevent extermination. Two lines of investigation are often confused in the study of geographic distribution : i. e. (i) the study of present day distri- bution and the mapping of existing life zones and life areas, and (2) the source of the species that make up the fauna and flora of a zone or area and the centers of dispersal from which they have spread. Dr. Spencer Trotter* has pointed out that a zoogeographic (or phytogeographic) map shows only a transitory condition, and that the boundaries of zones and the ranges of species are always changing, the rate of change corresponding with the rate of physical or climatic change which the earth's surface may be undergoing. Now, in studying plant distribution it seems to me we are con- stantly coming upon facts that bear upon conditions previous to those now existing ; the local nature of the plant making such cases much more numerous than those that we find among verte- brate animals. And most of the apparent irregularities of plant distribution — isolated colonies, etc. — may safely be regarded as remnants of a former range of the species at a time when different conditions prevailed. I might say here, as will be further explained beyond, that I do not consider that the mere presence of similar soil conditions at two remote localities is in itself sufficient to account for a certain resemblance in the floras of the two spots. There have probably been physical or climatic changes which have brought the plants to both these and other regions at some previous time, and they have persisted where soil conditions remained con- genial, and disappeared and been superseded by other plants where conditions were not suited to their needs. Auk, 1909, pp. 231-233. I04 REPORT OF NEW JJCRSI-^' STATE MUSEUM. To argue lliat the same i)lanls will appear wherever suitable soil conditions are present implies that the seeds of all plants are constantly being- scattered broadcast, which is certainly not the case, or we should have no trace of the very evident agreement between plant distribution and climatic life zones. The matter of seed distrilnition by birds has, I think, been greatly exaggerated, and I doubt if birds exert any appreciable influence upon plant distribution except in cultivated areas. Robins, for instance, devour vast numbers of wild cherries in western Xew Jersey and along the coast, and must scatter the seeds far and wide. The birds are frecjuent over the Pine Bar- rens, and must scatter cherry stones there as \vell as elsewhere, and yet the wild cherry is unknown there except in a few isolated cases in cultivated spots. On the untouched floor of the sandy pine woods the cherry stones fail to germinate or to take root, but once the ground is cleared and the soil is turned by the ploAV conditions are changed. Turning noAv to the consideration of the coastal plain flora of New Jersey, we realize that many plants of the more elevated country to the north and w^est have spread southward and east- ward into the coastal i)lain, mainly along' its western^ border, \vherever soil conditions were favorable for their support, and have replaced or mingled with the more austral flora that prob- ably originally covered the wdiole of southern New Jersey, so that in certain sections this element furnishes a considerable portion of the total plant life. As has already been stated, there is also to be found in the Piedmont region an element of the more southern flora of the coastal plain, though not so great in extent as that which this region contributes to the coastal plain. Whether these plants have spread westward from below the fall line or whether they are remnants of a similar flora to that which now covers the coastal plain, and which 'has been all but superseded in the Pied- mont region by the more advanced flora now^ found there, is a question hard to solve. Two main causes seem to be active in governing the distril)u- tion of plants — i. ^SKY STATE MUSEUM. Sonic such action as the former of these two examples seems clearly to be under way, for, as has been shown, the New Jersey Pine Barrens are at present surrounded by a more advanced llora which is pushing in from all sides wherever conditions are favorable, and man is rendering no small assistance in the move- ment. Both east and west of the Pine Barrens there can be readily detected a northern and southern element apparently ad- vancing in opposite directions in a common effort to conquer the Pine Barrens. The more or less complex character of the Pine Barren flora to-day as regards its origin is apparently due to a combination of movements such as described above. Of course, great physical changes in the earth's surface in geologic time must have had tremendous effect upon the flora, usually producing climatic changes which acted directly upon plant life. Such changes, of course, were responsible for the great fall in temperature coincident with the glacial epoch. Sub- sidences, too, which are known to have occurred at different periods, must have entirely exterminated the flora of large areas. Just how far we can correlate existing conditions of plant dis- tribution with geologic changes it is difficult to say. Most at- tempts of this sort seem to suppose a definiteness of knowledge of the time relationship of various geologic phenomena which we do not possess, and there is a tendency to assume constancy in the character of the flora of certain areas, while that of contig- uous areas is undergoing tremendous changes. Such hypotheses, so far as they attempt detailed explanations, are purely con- jectural. Some facts, however, are clear. We know that the coastal plain was submerged at a time when the elevated Piedmont region to the west must have been covered with vegetation, and that plant life on the region north of the terminal moraine must have been for the most part exterminated during the glacial epoch. Therefore, the area between the coastal plain and the terminal moraine must have been continuously covered with plants for a much longer period than have these two regions themselves. When the coastal plain was elevated above the sea it must have received its flora from the contiguous country to the west or southwest. Furthermore, the several partial sub- PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 107 mergences of the New Jersey coastal plain after its first upheaval which are claimed by geologists* and other changing conditions may not only have resulted in several invasions of plants, but also in changes in the character of the plant life in the regions from which they came. In every investigation in the plant life of the eastern United States we seem to find two elements — a boreal, more or less identical with the flora of northern Europe, and an austral, pecu- liarly American, and precisely the same thing is found in the study of animal life. Under prevailing conditions, however, and through adaptation certain species of animals of American aus- tral origin have become typical boreal species to-day, and doubt- less the same thing may be true of certain plants. This shows the necessity of distinguishing carefully between present geographical distribution and original source of center of dispersal of a species. Now, supposing that the characteristic American austral flora covered the Piedmont area or a portion of it at the time the coastal plain was elevated, it is natural that it would have spread over into the new territory, or at least such species as were best adapted to its sandy stretches. Then, if from one cause or another there was an invasion of the more boreal element over the Piedmont plateau, we should probably have exactly the condi- tions that we find to-day — i. e., the survival of the earlier flora in bogs and sandy areas and its disappearance where better soil has developed in favor of the more advanced flora now prevalent. f Part of the latter is also of austral origin, but, being suited only to richer soil, did not spread to any extent into the coastal plain. In New Jersey the vegetation is at a much younger stage of its development. In the Pine Barrens we have only sand and bog plants, while in the Middle district we encounter the more advanced type of the American austral element and the evident influx of boreal plants already referred to from the north. During the Pensauken period West Jersey was submerged, while the Pine Barrens were apparently cut off as an island. * Cf. The Physical Geography of New Jersey by RoIHn D. Salisbury, Vol. IV., Final Report State Geologist, 1898, especially pp. 92-170. t Cf. Cowles. Physiographic Ecology of Chicago and vicinity, Rot. Gazette XXXI., 73-108, 145-182, 1901. io8 REPORT Ol' XKW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. This sul)nicri;ence and the allinial deposits along the Delaware ri\er \allev niav ha\e hastened the destruction of the true Pine Rarren llora over this area and made soil conditions suitable for a more rapid influx of the type of vegetation that at present pre- vails there, though the isolated Pine Barren islands in the Middle District would argue rather for the gradual encroachment of the present flora coincident with a gradual change of soil. Just what elements have been instrumental in changing condi- tions along the coast to make possible the existence of the coast strip already referred to I cannot say, nor does it seem worth while to theorize at present upon the possible explanations of the presence of Ijoreal species in the Pine Barrens or the recurrence of so many boreal forms in southern Cape May. Lists of the coastal plain bog plants that occur in the Pied- mont area in Pennsylvania have already been given on page 46. As to sandy ground plants characteristic of the coastal plain which occur in similar soil in the Piedmont region there are (|uite a numbei'. The following I have found on the mica slate and sandy hills of Chester or Delaware County, Pennsylvania : Qucrcus stcllata. Phlox subulata. marilandica. Galium pilosum. Rubus cuneifolius. Diodea teres. Cracca virginica. Eupatorium verbensefolium. Stylosanthes elation Willugbaeya scandens (swampy Crotalaria sagittalis. spots). A^cyrum hypericoides. Sericocarpus linifolius. Lechea racemulosa. lonactis linariifolius. Gaylussaccia frondosa. Chrysopsis mariana. Asclepias amplexicaulis. Others occur on the serpentine outcrops as follows :* Pimis rigida. Meibomia obtusa. " virginiana. Strophostyles nmbellata. Aristida oligantha. Pieris mariana. purpurascens. Angelica villosa. Baptisia tinctoria. Eupatorium pubescens. Meibomia rigida. Aster dumosus. " marylandica. Phlox subulata. * From F. W. Pennell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1910, 541-584- PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 109 Dr. N. L. Britton* many years ago called attention to the resemblance of the plants of the Kittatinny and Shawangunk mountains of northern New Jersey to those of the Pine Barrens, and listed the following species common to both : Pinus rigida. Lechea racemulosa. Juncus militaris. Polygala polygama. Orontium aquaticum. Epigsea repens. Quercus ilicifolia. Gaultheria procumbens. Corema conradii. Azalea viscosa. Primus pumila. Gaylussacia frondosa. Lespedeza hirta. Gerardia quercifolia. Cracca virginica. Solidago puberula. Lupinus perennis. Solidago bicolor. All these isolated patches of an earlier type of vegetation in a region floristically older seem to me best explained by the assump- tion already made that they are relics of an earlier flora now nearly exterminated over the Piedmont region, but of which the present New Jersey coastal plain flora is a derivative. I claim no originality for this theory, as Dr. John W. Harshberger has explained it in detail,! basing his deductions mainly upon the consideration of the plants of the Kittatinny and Pocono Moun- tains, and Dr. Roland M. Harper has referred to it§ in con- nection with a study of bog and swamp plants. I merely wish to state that my investigations lead me to the same general conclu- sions, although, as already stated, certain other influences and elements are probably involved in the problem. Dr. Harper brings up another interesting- question in his paper, namely, the resemblance of the coastal plain flora to that of the glaciated areas on the other side of the Piedmont region. This resemblance has long been familiar to me, as during my studies of the coastal plain plants I have spent some time, nearly every year, in the mountains of Sullivan and Wyoming counties, Penn- sylvania, and have found there the following species, which also occur in the New Jersey coastal plain : * Bull. Torrey Bot. Club XI, p. 126, and XIV, p. 187. t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1904, p. 606-609. § Rhodora VII, p. 69 (or VIII, p. 27). no REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Lygodiuni palniatiini. Dryoptcris simulata. Woodwardia virginica. Potamogcton oakcsianns. " confcrvoides. Calamagrostis cinnoides. Sporobolus serotinus. Pannicularia laxa. Rynchospora fusca. alba. Scirpus subterminalis. " torreyi. Eleocharis robbinsii. Eriophorum virginicum. Cladium mariscoides. Carex limosa. " trisperma. " canescens disjuncta. " leptalea. Scheuchzeria palustris. Orontium aquaticum. Eriocaulon septangulare. Xyris carolincnsis. Juncus pelocarpus. Drosera longifolia. Sarracenia purpurea. Brasenia purpurea. Nymphaea variegata. Triadenum virginicum. Ilicioides mucronata. Pyrola chlorantha. " secunda. Rhododendron maximum. Gaultheria procumbens. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum. Chama^daphne calyculata. Limnanthemum lacunosum. Menyanthes trifoliata. Scutellaria galcriculata. Utricularia purpurea. " cornuta. " clandestina. " intermedia. Viburnum cassinoides. To which may be added from the other parts of the glaciated region of Pennsylvania : Carex collinsii. Tuncus militaris. Some few of these are of boreal origin and have been driven south at some time and remained as isolated colonies in New Jer- sey, but the bulk of them are identical or similar to those which Dr. Harper mentions and which I agree with him and Dr. Harsh- berger have spread from the Piedmont region into the mountains upon the retreat of the ice just as they spread into the coastal plain upon its elevation from the sea. I am able to cite more isolated colonies of these plants existing in the Piedmont region than were known to Dr. Harper, but this, it seems to me. strengthens rather than weakens the theory, as do the lists of dry ground plants common to the Piedmont and coastal plain. Both classes of plants exist, as already explained, only in isolated colonies in the Piedmont, but were bogs more plentiful in this region, and had their draining been carried on less assiduously, the evidences of this early flora would have been more frequent. As it is, farming has been carried on so exten- PI^ANTS O'F SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. iii sively and land so well cleared and cultivated that anything like a natural swamp or bog- is now almost unknown. The introduc- tion of cattle and the influx of weeds soon w^ork havoc with a bog- or swamp so far as the botanist is concerned. The relation between the New Jersey Pine Barrens and the coastal plain to the north and south is of interest. With the lack of definite knowledge of the limits of the Pine Barrens and of the plants which are really characteristic of the region, it has been hitherto difficult to clearly consider the ques- tion. Dr. Roland Harper has suggested that the New Jersey Pine Barrens form a well-defined center of distribution and are iso- lated from the Pine Barrens of Wilmington, N. C, which he re- regards as the next clearly marked Pine Barren center as we go down the coast, although he admits that the apparent lack of Pine Barren plants in the intervening country may be due merely to lack of knowledge. In the recent report on the flora of Maryland Mr. Forrest Shreve* shows pretty conclusively that the lack of Pine Barren plants, so far as that State is concerned, is real. He says (p. 87) that the only Pine Barren species on the coastal plain of Mary- land are Cyperus grayi, Srnilax walteri, Polygala lutea, Ilex glabra and Sderolepis uniflora. All of these occur locally outside of the Pines in New Jersey, though they are most abundant in that region. Of Mr. Shreves' list of 94 characteristic plants of the coastal plain of Maryland ; twenty do not occur as far north as New Jersey, but are not Pine Barren species; of the remainder 40 are restricted to the Middle, Coast or Cape May Districts of New Jersey (of which 4 have been found as stragglers in the Pines), while 28 are quite as abundant, or more abundant, in the Middle District, although they do occur in the Pine Barrens. To his five Pine Barren plants I should add from Mr. Shreves' Coastal Plain list Ascyrum stans, which in New Jersey is quite as typical of the Pines as the five he mentions. It is obvious from this data that the coastal plain flora of * Maryland Weather Service, Vol. Ill, 1910. 112 REPORT ()1< XK\\' JERSEY S'lWTE MUSEUM. Alaryland is distinctly affiliated with the Middle District flora of New Jersey and not with that of the Pine Barrens. The investigations of the memhers of the Philadelphia Botani- cal Clnh in the State of Delaware would indicate that conditions there are very similar, that is to say. that the New Jersey Pine Barren element in the flora is very slight.* The so-called Pine Barrens of Long Island are decidedly weak in the characteristic Pine Barren plants and take their place with the several Pine Barren islands wliicli are scattered here and there through the Middle District of New Jersey. Of sixty-two species listed in several papers on the subjectf only twenty-six are in- cluded in my list of typical New Jersey Pine Barren plants (p. yy), the rest being equally common throughout our region or re- stricted to the Middle District. Of the twenty-six, six occur at one outlying station, thirteen at two and four at three, while only three, Dryopteris simulata, Chrysopsis falcata and Arenana caroUniana are confined to the Pines in New Jersey, and the first two of these are not found in the more Southern Pine Barrens, the Dryopteris being possibly of boreal affinities. It would seem, therefore, that we have in the New' Jersey and North Carolina Pine Barrens the sand and bog elements of a wide-spread American austral flora, which has been largely super- seded by a more advanced element of similar origin over the rest of the coastal plain, both elements being richer the farther south we go, while along the western edge of the coastal plain, more especially to the northward, a boreal element has spread dowm over the fall line to a greater or less degree. * Cf. C. F. Williamson. Torreya, 1909. p. 160; R. Harper, Torreya, 1909, p. 217. t N. L. Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club VIT, p. 81 {\i A. J. Grout, Torreya II, p. 49 (1902). S. E. Jeliffe, Torreya IV, p. 97 (1904). R. M. Harper, Torreya VITI, p. i (1908). SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF THE Flowering Plants and Ferns of South- ern New Jersey (South of the Northern Boundary of Burlington and Monmouth Counties) With a Detailed Account of their Distribution and Time of Flowering and Fruiting. (113) 8 MUS EXPLANATIONS. The Synonymy consists of a reference to the original place of publication, with the tj^pe locality, and to the principal works on the region under con- sideration. The Statement on Range of each species covers the entire State, the portion that refers to northern New Jersey being taken from Britton's Catalogue. The List of Localities includes all herbarium specimens examined, and also records published in Britton's Catalogue and Keller and Brown's List, which I have no reason to doubt, even though specimens have not been seen. When records given in these two works are not substantiated by specimens from nearby stations or for any other reason seem open to question, they are dis- cussed in foot notes. (Cf. Preface.) When no letter is given after a locality it indicates that a specimen from this locality is in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy, Specimens in other herbaria are indicated as follows : OHB==0. H. Brown. P=Princeton University. H=Benjamin Heritage. S=Witmer Stone. CDL=Chas. D. Lippincott. UP=University of Penna. L=Bayard Long. C=Record taken from Britton's NB=N. J. Agricultural Exp. Sta., Catalogue. New Brunswick. KB=Records from Keller and T=N. J. State Museum, Trenton. Brown's List. NY=N. Y. Botanic Garden. Kn=Records from Knieskern's List. CP=Phila. College of Pharmacy. The exact location of the stations cited and some details as to the character of their flora will be found in the list of localities, p. 780. The Keys for Identification are applicable only to the region here con- sidered, and are intentionally artificial in character, being intended merely to contrast the most obvious characters of our plants as an aid to identification. They are not supposed to take the place of a Botanical Manual, a work which all students must have. These Keys also cover all the common weeds of our region. Their names are enclosed in brackets with foot-note references, but they do not appear m the main text. The Plozvcring and Fruiting Season (By Mr. Bayard Long)— The feeling that in a local flora the actual seasons of flowering and fruiting of the species in the region under consideration are of considerable interest and value, and the realization of the unsatisfactory nature, from a local standpoint, of this sort of data as presented in the manuals have led to the present attempt to designate the flowering and fruiting -reasons of the indigenous plants of (115) ii6 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. southern New Jersey. An effort has been made to work out as accurately as possible the average seasons of bloom and fruit, but it has not been the intention to include extreme or unusual dates. The very early or very late records, usually represent individual plants in peculiar habitats or purely aberrant cases. Unfortunately, such specimens often turn up in herbaria in rather large numbers, because the average collector has a predilection to col- lect specimens in aberrant bloom, and he quite frequently neglects to note the fact on his label. Considerable care must be taken to eliminate such cases. In many plants there is considerable variability in the time of flowering as the result of early or late springs ; in others there is similar variability due to climatic or temperature differences in adjacent localities, or through ele- vation. While there is practically no variation of the last kind in southern New Jersey, there is often quite an appreciable difference in the date of flower- ing of the same species in West Jersey and on the coast, and one crossing the State on the railroad can readily appreciate the difference in the general ad- vancement of vegetation in these two sections. It has, therefore, sometimes been necessary to average up in a rather crude way the results brought about by such causes of variability. Flowering data as given in the manuals, when given at all, very often shows a distinct difference of opinion on the part of the authors. The novice find- ing the flowering season of a plant given in one work as "May-July," and in another "July-September," will be confused to say the least. This is an ex- treme example, it must be admitted, but it is the rule rather than the excep- tion that there is a difference of some degree. The corollary to the above paragraph is the ideal that was set up of endeavoring to avoid as much conjecture as possible and to work out the seasons from carefully collected field data and from accurately dated her- barium specimens. Furthermore, a lack of data has been frankly noted instead of covering it up by work of the imagination in an attempt to attain uniformity of treatment for each species. Data from territory not actually covered by the report has also been used, but only in a secondary or auxil- iary way. Where the data available has been too meagre to warrant a statement a blank has been left as preferable to quoting dates from the manuals. Several means have been resorted to, however, to give some idea of the flowering season in such cases. Often when only one or two speci- mens were available their actual flowering or fruiting condition has been given with the date of collection. Occasionally an approximation is given with the addition of the word "probably." It is to be regretted that more data and time were not obtainable for this work, as only one who attempts a task of this kind can realize what an enormous amount of data is necessary in order to reach satisfactory conclu- sions. My own field notes embrace observations extending over nearly seven years, but they prove a constant source of surprise in the absence of the very data that are most desired. To obtain full and accurate seasonal data for the plants of a region such as this would probably require many years of the most rigidly systematized field work. In most works in which flowering dates are given no greater definitenes.s is attempted than the use of the months or sometimes only the seasons during which the plant may be found in bloom, with occasionally the qualifying PI^ANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 117 terms "early" and "late." In a local flora such as this it was felt that a greater degree of definiteness could be attained than is possible in a work of broad range. Whenever possible the month has been divided into three parts, "early," "mid" and "late," each approximately of ten days. Where such definiteness was not attainable or desirable the name of the month has been used, or sometimes that of the season. A few examples will illustrate the plan adopted. The fruit of the chestnut may be said to be ripe very definitely when the burs open and the nuts fall to the ground, but it takes acute observation and discrimination to say just when the fruit of the hackberry is ripe. There is no definite change such as the opening of the chestnut bur, and the period of the presence of mature fruit on the tree is much longer and indefinite ; so the term "autumn" is more accurate than a more definite word. In the case of the oaks the same term is used because of a lack of definite and comparative data. Again, many plants, while they begin to flower and fruit at a definite time, continue indefinitely during the latter part of the growing season, the termi- nation being a matter of individual vigor, advent of frost, change in moisture conditions. The end of the flowering and fruiting season of such species is indicated by the expression "into autumn" or "into October ;" "into" being intended to denote an indefinite extension of time into that month or season, not necessarily just into it. Plants which have occurred but a few times within our limits, but which are frequent in northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania or Delaware, have often been given flowering and fruiting periods based upon data from these imme- diately contiguous regions. The seasons — spring, summer, autumn and winter — are used in their con- ventional sense,* beginning respectively on the first of March, June, Sep- tember and December. The word "sporadically" is used in the case of scattered or occasional bloom occurring after the ordinary season. The fruiting season is that of fully mature — not merely well developed — fruit, ;. e., of dehiscing capsules, falling achenes, dropping nuts and "ripe" coloring of drupes. Many fruits develop rapdily and are fully grown long before they are "ripe," as the nuts of Corylus, the "bladder" of Staphylea and the seeds of various Umbelliferas. Special treatments found necessary in certain groups are described under the family or generic headings. In some, such as Cyperacecc, the only dates given are those of fully developed achenes, since so much depends upon their characters that this date is really the only one of taxonomic importance. In the case of many trees or shrubs which bloom either before or simul- taneously with the appearance of the leaves the relative condition of the leaves at the flowering date is given. =*■ Century dictionary and Cyclopedia, vol. VII, p. 5548. under season. ii8 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Key to the Plants of Southern New Jersey. fl. No flowers; reproduction by spores (ferns and their allies). b. Sporanges (spore cases) born under the scales of a terminal cone- like spike. Stems conspicuously jointed, tlic modes covered by toothed sheaths. Equisetacece, p. 137 bb. Sporanges born in the axils of the crowded lanceolate or subulate leaves or of reduced scale-like leaves which form an erect spike. Plants somewhat moss-like, often branched and trailing. Lycopodiales, p. 139 bbb. Sporanges born at the base of slender, awl-shapcd, rush-like leaves, which grow in a tuft from a round fleshy base rooting in the mud. Plants submerged. Isoctacece, p. 144 bbbb. Sporanges born on the back of a leaf (frond) in round, elongated or marginal patches (sori) ; or in a spike or cluster on the modified terminal (or middle) portion of the frond, or on a separate stalk (really a modified frond). Pilicales, p. 119 aa. True flowers present ; containing stamens, pistils or both ; reproduction by seeds. b. Trees with linear or scale-like evergreen [except Taxodium] leaves ; a resinous odor, fruit, a cone or a woody or fleshy berry. PinacecT, p. 146 bb. Not evergreen coniferous trees. c. Parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes, leaves mostly parallel-veined. Embryo with a single cotyledon ; early leaves never opposite. Stem not divided into bark, wood and pith. Monocotyledons, p. 153 cc. Parts of the flower mostly in fours and fives, leaves net-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Stem divided into bark, wood and pith, the wood in perennial species, growing by annual layers just under the bark. Dicotyledons, p. 380 PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 119 PTERIDOPHYTA— Ferns and their Allies. Order FIUCALES Southern New Jersey, with its large areas of flat, dry, sandy ground, and its lack of rocky banks and ledges, is a poor region for ferns. While thirty-two species and sub-species have been found within the limits of this list, twenty of them are really only stragglers from farther north, and occur locally in the richer soil of the Middle District, only two or three extending even sporadically to the Pine Barrens. Four species, Onoclea sensibilis, Lygodimn palmaUim, Dryopteris thelypteris and Asple- niiim platyneuron, are characteristic plants of the Middle district and, with the exception of Lygodium, are rather generally dis- tributed. Osmunda cinnamomea, O. regalis, Woodzvardia areo- lata, W. virginica and Pteridium aqidlinum extend also over the Pine Barrens, where they are the only abundant ferns, while the rare Schizcoa pusilla and Dryopteris simulata are for the most part confined to this region. Fruiting Data. — The time of year noted under each species indicates the season of mature spores — that is, the season during which dehiscing sporangia are present. Key to the Species. a. Plant climbing, "leaves" (frondlets) palmately divided, fruiting portion terminal. Lygodium palmatum, p. 129 aa. Plant not climbing. b. Sterile fronds linear and grass-like, curled and tangled about the base of the slender fertile frond (.5-1 dm. long), which bears the sporanges on minute pinnte at its tip. Schiscca pusilla, p. 125 bh. Fronds not linear and grass-like. c. Sporanges in a spike or panicle at the summit of the stem, with a leaf branching off horizontally from its side. d. Leaf ovate, not cut or lobed ; arising near the middle of the stem, plant 1-1.5 dm. high. Ophioglossum vulgatum, p. 122 dd. Leaf ovate or oblong; pinnate, plant .5-1 dm. high, sessile just below the spike. Botrychium neglectum, p. 122 ddd. Leaf more or less ternate, segments pinnately divided e. Leaf sessile about the middle of the stem, segments finely doubly pinnate. B. virginianum, p. 123 J20 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. cc. Leaf petioled from near the base of the stem. /. Segments pinnate, pinna' not much cut. B. ohlxquum, p. 123 if. Pinnae finely cut. B. o. dissectum, p. 123 cc. Sporanges in a mass at the summit or middle of an erect "fern- like" frond or in small spots or lines (sori) on its back, or in several species on separate, modified, slender fronds. Fronds all pinnate (divided into lateral segments, which may be again di- vided). d. Fronds not tcrnate. e. Pinnae finely serrate, but not lobcd or cut. /. Main stalk shining dark purplish, frond not over 25 mm. wide. Asf^leninni platyneuron, p. 132 //. Stalk not dark and polished. g. Pinnae on distinct pedicels with an acute lobe at the base. Polystichum, p. 133 gg. Pinnae widening at base and joining to form a winged margin to the stalk. /;. Frond less than 75 mm. wide round sori on back of fertile fronds. Polypodimn vulgare, p. 129 liJi. Frond over i dm. wide, pinnae finely serrulate, sometimes undulate, sori oblong in two rows on a separate frond with narrow linear pinnae. Woodzvardia areolata, p. 131 ee. Pinnae more or less lobed, but not cut to the midrib. f. Lobes often mere undulations, pinnae entire and dis- tinctly narrower at the base. Ferile frond separate, a stalk with a panicle of round seed-like bodies at its summit bearing the sporanges. 0)10 cJca sensibilis^ p. 137 //. Lobes rather deeply cut, at least the basal ones, pinnae broadest at the base, often somewhat triangular. Sori on back of frond. Dryopteris cristaia, p. 134 eec. Pinnae cut nearly or quite to the midrib. f. Pinnules not toothed or subdivided. g. Pinnules distinctly pedicilled, minutely serrulate, sporanges in a terminal panicle plant 6-9 dm. high. Osmimda rcgalis, p. 124 gg. Pinnules united at their bases, forming a margin to the midrib. h. Small ferns, leafy part of the frond rarely over 3 dm. in length. J. Lowest pinnae longest. Dryopteris thelypteris, p. 133 «. Two lower pairs of pinnae slightly shorter than the longest. D. simulata, p. 134 ii'i. Six lower pairs of pinna; rapidly decreas- ing in size, last about 6 mm. long. D. noveboracensis, p. 133 PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 121 hh. Large ferns, leafy often 9 dm. in height, frond seldom less than 4 dm. long. i. Several pairs of lower pinnae rapidly de- creasing in size, sori elongated. Asplenium acrostichoides, p. 132 ii. Lower pinnje about equal in length to the longest, y. Stem with more or less rusty tomen- tum. k. Pinnules usually more round at the tip and often slightly overlap- ping. Sporanges covering short pinnse about the middle of the frond. Osmunda claytoniana, p. 125 kk. Pinnules more acute and clearly separated. Sporanges on a sepa- rate stalk appearing in early spring. Osmunda cinnamomea, p. 124 jj. Stem glabrous. k. Six to nine lower pinnse becoming rapidly smaller. Sporanges on separate modified frond. Matteuccia, p. 137 kk. Lower pinnae not shorter. Woodzvardia virginica, p. 131 ijj. Stem with brownish chaffy scales on lower part, pinnse somewhat undulated or even lobed, sori round. Dryoptcris marginalis, p. 134 ff. Pinnules lobed or cut into segments. g. Lower pinnse with basal pinnules becoming much shorter. Phegopteris hexagonoptera, p. 136 gg. Lower pinnse not narrowed at base. h. Leafy part of frond not over 1.7 dm. long. Pilix fro gill's, p. 135 lih. Leafy part of frond normally more than 3.7 dm. long. i. Stem chaffy with brown scales. Dryopteris spiniilosa, p. 13S ii Stem glabrous or a few scales near the base. ;'. Dark green, frond glabrous. Asplenium filix-focmina, p. '132 //. Light green frond pubescent below and fragrant. Dennstcedtia punctilobula, p. 136 dd. Fronds ternate. e. Not over i dm. in diameter, delicate. Phegopteris dryoptcris, p. 136 ee. Over 3 dm. in diameter, thick. Ptcridium aquiliuum, p. 130 122 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. ccc. Sporanges under rcvolutc edge of the pinnre or pinnules. Frond branching out more or less horizontally from the stem. d. Frond tcrnate, thick, singly or doubly pinnate, 3 dm. or more across. Ptcridhim aquilinum, p. 130 dd. Frond dichotomously ])ranched, branches pinnate and ar- ranged somewhat palmately ; stem dark brown or black and highly polished. Adianfum pedatum, p. 130 Family OPHIOGLOSSACE^. Adder's Tongues. OPHIOGLOSSUM L. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Adder's Tongue. Ophioglosstim vulgatum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1062. 1753 [Europe.] — Britton 304. Keller and Brown 7. Ophioglossum bulbosum Pursh II. 655. Ophioglossum arenarium E. G. Britton, Bull. Torrey Club XXIV. 555. 1897 [Holly Beach, N. J.]. — Keller and Brown 7. — J. Crawford, Bartonia I. 18. 1909. Damp woods in the North and sparingly in the Middle dis- trict ; local. Along- the coast islands occurs a more slender form, often with two or three stalks from the same root, which was originally discovered by Mrs. E. G. Britton in sandy, shaded ground at Holly Beach and described as a new species 0. arena- rium. The type colony has since been destroyed, but the form has been rediscovered at Longport by Mr. Joseph Crawford and on Long Beach Island by Mr. Bayard Long, growing in hollows among the sand dunes. The drier exposed habitat is doubtless responsible for the peculiar characters, which do not seem worthy of recognition, as similar forms have been found in colonies of true 0. vulgatum. Spores Mature. — Early June to early July, apparently some- what later in the coastal plants. Middle District.— Monmowih. Co. (C), Hanover (C), Browns Mills (C), Medford, Six miles west of Woodstown, Riddleton. Coast. — Surf City (L), Longport, Wildwood. BOTRYCHIUM Swartz. Botrychium neglectum A. Wood. Meriden Grape Fern. Botrychium neglectum A. Wood, Classbook of Botany 1846. p. 635 [Meridan, N. H.].— Keller and Brown 8. Botrychium matricariaefolium Britton 305. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 123 Casual north, but very rare in our district, known only from Riddleton, Salem Co., where it was collected in low woodland. Spores Mature. — Early June, during- a very brief period. The fronds arise in spring- and perish during the summer. Middle Dufn'c^.— Riddleton. Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Ternate Grape Fern. Botrychium ternatum obliquum "Muhlenberg" Willdenow, Sp. PI. V. 63. 1810 [Pennsylvania]. — A. Brown, Bull. Torrey Club VII. 114. — Bntton 305. Botrychium obliquum Barton II. 205. Botrychium lunarioides Knieskern 41. Woods and open ground throughout, but rare in the Pine Bar- rens. Spores Mature. — Early September to late September, rarely in October or November. Fronds arise in midsummer, the fertile portion evergreen, generally persisting into the following spring. Middle District. — Monmouth Co. (K), New Egypa, Birmingham, Taunton, Delaire, Oaklyn (S), Haddonfield (UP). Lawnside (S), Orchard (S), Lin- denwold, Clarksboro (UP), Tomlin, Swedesboro, Glassboro, Dividing Creek, Coast Strip. — Pt. Pleasant (S), Manahawkin, Surf City (L), Ship Bottom (L), Atlantic City, Ocean City (S), Anglesea (UP). Pine Barrens. — Albion, Egg Harbor City. Cape May. — Dennisville (S), Sea Isle Jnc, Anglesea Jnc. (S), Cold Spring (OHB), Cape May (UP). Botrychium obliquum dissectum Spreng. Feathery Grape Fern. Botrychium dissectum Sprengcl, Anleit III.: 172. 1804 [Virginia]. Botrychium ternatum dissectum Britton 305. Frequently occurring with the preceding, into which it seems to merge. Spores Mature. — Early September to late September, rarely in October, apparently beginning to mature slightly later than the last. Life history of fronds the same. Middle District.— Mediovd (Poyser), Oaklyn (S), Clarksboro (UP), Tom- lin, Salem (S). Coast Strip. —Suri City (L), Ocean Beach (UP). Pine Barrens.— Albion, Mays Landing (S), Egg Harbor City (UP). Cape May.— Cold Spring (OHB). Botrychium virginianum (L.). Rattlesnalus little fern, wliicli bears so little resemblance to a fern as i)opularly understood, has long been the most prized among the many botanical rarities of the Jersey Pine Barrens. It was first discovered in 1805 at Quaker Bridge, where an inn woll known to the botanists of old, offered shelter to those who wished to stop over night on their way to the coast. Situated as it was in the very heart of this interesting country, it furnished one of the few available stopping places for those who desired to study the flora or fauna of the Pines, and who in the absence of railroads were unable to return to Philadelphia at night. It thus became the only known station for many species of plants which were later found to have a much wider distribution. With the coming of the railroad and abandonment of the old wagon roads to the sea, the old hostelry at Quaker Bridge disappeared, as did other similar buildings, so that the spot is now more of a wilderness and less accessible than it was a century ago. The party who had the good fortune to discover the Schizcua con- sisted of Dr. C. W. Eddy, J. Le Conte, Fredk. Pursh and C. Whitlow. Pursh described the curious little plant in his Flora in 1 8 14, leaving one to infer that he alone was the discoverer, but Rafinesque, in his review of Pursh's work* states that he did not find any of the specimens and that he described the plant without the permission of the real discoverer. Dr. Torrey has confirmed the first part of this statement, saying that Dr. Eddy was the discoverer and that Le Conte was the only other member of the party to find any specimen [Redfield Torrey Bull. VI, 82-83]. The plant was apparently not found again until July, 1 8 18, when Dr. Torrey and Wm. Cooper drove from Philadel- phia to South Amboy, by way of Quaker Bridge and Monmouth, spending a week in the Pines, while Dr. Torrey made his first acquaintance with the peculiar flora. The order of its subsequent discovery at other stations has not been recorded; we only know that Torrey and Gray had obtained it at Toms River by 1837. Dr. Joseph Leidy collected it at Batsto in 1861 and C. F. Parker at Atsion in 1870 and at Egg Harbor City by 1884. * Amer. Mo. Mag. II, p. 174- PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 127 Schizaea is now known from some thirty stations, all within the Pine Barrens, and it will doubtless be found in almost any spot within this region where the conditions are favorable. A moist, sandy spot on the edge of a White Cedar swamp is its favorite habitat, where it grows in close association with young Cedars, Lycopodium carolinianum, Droscra Uliformis, etc. Mr. Clutes' statement in his List of N. A. Ferns — Fern. Bull. 1905, p. 120 — that it is "found in Cranberry Bogs" is decidedly mis- leading. It may sometimes grow where cranberries grow, but not in what are known as Cranberry bogs, and I ani' inclined to think that the artificial cultivation, flooding, etc., would extermi- nate it, as it does some of our other rarities. At Speedwell I have found it in the heart of a Cedar Swamp growing- on the vertical sides of cuts in the sandy roads made by heavy wagons. Perhaps the most interesting station is that discovered by Mr. E. B. Bartram, near Seaside Park, on a narrow point of land lying between Barnegat Bay and the ocean. Here, just back of the sand dunes, within one hundred yards of the beach, is a moist hollow with a few little White Cedars, among which grows the Schizcca in company with its usual associates, the Lycopodium and Drosera. The largest specim'ens that I have seen bore fruiting fronds 120-150 mm. in height. The plant is easily overlooked, though readily found when one is familiar with the fern and its haunts. The late Dr. j. Bernard Brinton, who was one of those who discovered it at Egg Harbor City, told me of his amazement when, while sitting upon the ground eating his lunch, the little plant seemed to rise up under his eyes as they for a moment became focused upon a certain spot to which something had accidentally attracted his gaze. When the American Association for the Advancement of Science met at Philadelphia, in 1884, the botanists in attendance, including a number of prominent British naturalists who had come on from the meeting oi the British Association in Canada, were taken on a special excursion to pay their respects to Schizcca and the Pine Barrens, probably the most notable trip ever made to this reo-ion. It has been described as follows : ij8 report of new JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. "The excursion of Saturday [Sept. 6, 1884] to the Pine Barrens was, barring the heat, thoroug-hly enjoyable * * * When the coach which was devoted to the botanists was left on the side track at Egg Harbor [City] the view that greeted their eyes was a level, sandy plain, with low vegetation interspersed with shrubs and trees here and there. It was determined to make a sally eastward first. In spile of the fact that the ther- mometer had passed above the nineties, the whole part}' of fifty, including ladies and Britishers, wandered out for a mile or so amid a vegetation remarkabl}^ rich in showy and interesting flowers and botanical rarities. But the heat would not permit much loitering, and they soon returned with red faces, but anns full of treasures. After a short rest all but a few summoned up fortitude to start out again, going westward for a full mile along- the railroad track. This gave a different flora. But the zeal of the excursionists, which was emulating the temperature, reached its highest point when the cry ran all along the line that the ScJiizcca was found. There was a succession of disappearing forms down the railroad embanl-cmient intoi the thicket, where all, great and small, went down on hands and knees to gather the precious little ferns of such un fern-like aspect. But it is impossible to tell all that happened. A bounteous lunch was served upon the return, after which Mr. I. C. Martindale called the botanists to order. Prof. W. J. Beal presided. Dr. Gray gave some reminiscences of his early visits to this region. He thought it was in 1832 that, in company with Dr. Torrey, he first saw the Pine Barrens at Toms River and had found the Schi2(ua. The following year he spent a week at Quaker's Bridge, and had not been in the Pine Barrens since till the present occasion. Mr. William Carruthers, of the British Museum, spoke pleasantly of the enjoyment which the day had afforded him, and his surprise to see a region so- apparently barren supporting such a varied vegetation, particularly at this season of the year. He was only able to recognize Pteris and Osnumda regalis as plants he had previously seen in a living state."* * Bot. Gazette TX. 1884, p. 161. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 129 Spores Mature. — Middle or late August throug'h' a very short period. Fertile fronds uncoil with the sterile in late May and grow to full height by late July. They dry soon after maturity and usually persisit into the next sumirxr or occasionally even for a full year. Sterile frond evergreen. Pine Barrens. — Toms River, Ferago=Bamber, Whitings, Double Trouble, Island Heights Jnc, Forked River, Waretown, Mayetta, Tuckerton, Speed- well (S), Chatsworth, Inskip, Joes Bridge, 5 mi. N. E. Hammonton (UP), Eighth St., Atsion, Quaker Bridge, Batsto, Pleasant Mills, 0pp. Crowleytown, Egg Harbor City, Hospitality Bridge, Seven mi. S. of Hammonton (UP), Pancoast, Absecon. Coast Strip. — Seaside Park. LYGODIUM Swartz. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.). Climbing Fern. Gisopteris pahnata Bernhardt, Schrad. Journ. Bot. H. 129. 1800 [Penna., Ky. and Va.]. Lygodium palmatum Nuttall 248. — Knieskern 41. — Willis 79. — Britten 311. — Keller and Brown 8. This, our only trailing fern, is found in north Jersey, but is perhaps most frequent, though always local, along streams in the Middle district, especially in Burlington county. It grows in dense thickets, climbing up on the bushes and herbs to ar height of two or three feet. Spores Mature. — Late September into October or even later. Fertile portion of the frond uncurling with the sterile during spring; scarcely evergreen, becoming brown and dried during winter. Sterile frondlets remaining green over winter, but perishing the following spring along with the fertile. Middle District.— Matawan (C), Keyport (NY), Shark River (C), Bur- lington (UP), New Lisbon, Brown's Mills, Moorestown (C), Four miles east of Haddonfield, Medford, East Magnolia, Clementon. Pine Barrens.— White Horse (C), Atsion (KB) Family POLYPODIACE/E. True Ferns. POLYPODIUIVI L. Polypodium vulgare L. Polypody. Polypodium vulgare Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1085. 1753 [Europe].— Britton 305-— Keller and Brown 9. 9 MUS I30 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Common in the northern half of the Stale; rare and local in the Middle district. Spores Mature. — Mid-July, well into autumn. Fronds ever- green, persisting with the large sori well into the next year, often to midsummer. Middle District. — Bordentown, Birmingham, Vincentown (C), Delaware river below Gloucester (P), Swedesboro, Sharpstown. ADIANTUM L. Adiantum pedatum T^. Maidenhair. Adianttim pedatum Linnjeus. Sp. PI. 1095. 1753 [Canada and Virginia]. — Britten 306. — Keller and Brown 9. North Jersey, but rare in our region, occurring locally in the Middle district. Spores Mature. — Mid-July to late September. Middle District. — Keyport (C), Farmingdale, New Egypt, Vincentown (C), Auburn (C). Mr. C. D. Lippincott assures me that it formerly grew at Swedesboro, but has been exterminated. PTERIDIUM Scopoli. Pteridium aquiiinum (L.). Bracken. Pteris aquilina Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1075. 1753 [Europe]. — Barton II. 211. — Kiiieskern 40. — Willis 78. — Britton 306. Occurs throughout, but especially abundant in the Pine Barrens, where, with the several species of Huckleberries and the "Sweet Fern," it forms the bulk of the undergrowth in open pine woods. It is indeed the most abundant of the species mentioned, and often large areas are covered by it alone, the flat tops of the fronds making an even surface which stretches away among the scattered trunks of the Pitch Pines as far as the eye can reach. The form P. a pseudocandatum Clute (Fern Bull. VIII., 39, 1900, Babylon L. I.) occurs at various stations and in all sorts of combinations and gradations to true aquiiinum. Spores Mature. — July to September, showing great variation in date. Middle District. — Long Branch, New Egypt, Sicklerville, Swedesboro, Di- viding Creek. Pine Barrens.— Toms, River (NY), E. Plains, Waretown, Barnegat, Tuck- erton. Speedwell, Winslow, Taunton, Hammonton (Bassett), Egg Harbor. Coast Strip.—Snri City (L), Atlantic City (L). Cape May.— Bennett (S). PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 131 WOODWARDIA J. E. Smith. Woodwardia virginica (Linn.). Virginia Chain Fern. Blechum virginicum Linnaeus, Mantissa II. 307. 1771 [Virginia]. Woodwardia virginica Knieskern 41. — Britton 306. — Keller and Brown 10. Casually in the North and Middle districts, but most plentiful in the Pine Barrens, where it is the most abundant fern in damp or wet localities. Spores Mature. — Late June to late July, most abundantly, but sporadically on through the summer or even into early autumn. Middle District. — New Egypt, Allaire, Camden (UP), Paulsboro, Bridge- port, Repaupo, Mickleton (UP), Clarksboro (UP), Sicklerville, Swedesboro, Beaver Dam. Pine Barrens. — Bamber, Pasadena, Long Causway, Clementon, Bear Swamp (S), Atco (UP), Ancora (UP), Cedar Lake (T), Vineland (S), Winslow, Hammonton, Pleasant Mills (UP), Batsto, Egg Harbor City, Weekstown, Twelfth St., Folsom, Tuckahoe (S). Coast Strip.— Bdmav, Asbury Park (S), Deal (C), Ocean Beach (C), Forked River, Manahawkin, West Creek, Tuckahoe, Anglesea. Cape May.— Goshen, Cape May (OHB). Woodwardia areolata (L.). Narrow-leaved Chain Fern. Acrostichum areolatiim Linnaeus, Sp. PL 1069. ^753 [Virginia and Mary- land]. Woodwardia onocleoides Pursh, II. 669. Nuttall II. 252.— Barton II. 212. Woodwardia angustifolia Torrey Cat. N. Y. Plants 81. 1819.— Knieskern 40. Woodwardia areolata Britton 307. — Keller and Brown 10. Casual in north Jersey, plentiful in the Middle and Pine Bar- ren districts. Spores Mature. — Mid-August to mid-October, but the spores retained within the indusia and not scattered apparently until the frond perishes. Middle District.— Tarmingdale, Allaire (S), New Egypt, Camden, Haddon- field, Moorestown (UP), Riverton (UP), Westmont (S), Medford, Taunton (S), Washington Park, Lawnside (S), Lindenwold, Tomlin (S), Center Square, Clementon, Sicklerville (S), Swedesboro, Dividing Creek, Millville, Salem. Pine Barrens.— Tom's River (UP), New Lisbon, Bamber, Pen Bryn (S), Waterford, Cedar Brook, Hammonton, Pleasant Mills, Egg Harbor City (UP). Coast Strip.— Ashury Park, Forked River, Manahawkm, Coxes, Surf City (L), Beach Haven Crest (L), Anglesea (UP). Cape Moy.— Goshen (S), Dennisville (S), Court House, Cape May (OHB). 132 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. ASPLENIUM L. Asplenium platyneuron (L.). Ebony Fern. Achrostichum platyneuron Linnseus, Sp. PI. 1069. 1753 [Virginia]. Asplenium platyneuron Britton 307. — Saunders Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, p. 548. Throughout, but most abundant northward. In our region it occurs usually on sandy shaded banks or in thickets. Spores Mature. — Early June to late July. Sterile fronds semi- evergreen, the fertile with heavy sori scarcely persisting through the winter. Middle District. — Shark River, Farmingdale, New Egypt, Hartford, Birm- ingham, Arneys Mt., Medford (S), Tomlin, Westville (UP), Pitman, Glass- boro, Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Dover Forge, Bamber, Speedwell (S), Calico. Coast Strip. — Asbury Park, Peermont, Anglesea ^UP). Cape May. — Bennett (S), Cold Spring. Asplenium filix-foemina (L.). Lady Fern. Polypodium F[ilix] foemina Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1090. 1753 [Europe]. Asplenium filix-famina Britton 308. — Saunders, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, p. 548. Asplenium -filix-fccmina laciniatum Moore, Bull. Torrey Club VI. 183. A common species in North Jersey, scarcer southward and mainly restricted to the Middle district. There is a snigle Pine Barren record at Calico, where Mr. Saunders found this and other species growing on the inside of an old well. Spores Mature. — Early July to early September ; indusia very soon wither. Middle District.— Uavesink Highlands (C), Shark River (UP), Freehold (C), Farmingdale, Birmingham, Pemberton (C), Hartford, Camden (P), Locust Grove (S), Medford (S), Gloucester, Kirkwood (C), Sewell (S), Pitman, Mickleton (UP), Swedesboro, Yorktown (S). Pine Barrens. — Calico. Coast District. — Coxe's. Cape May.— Cape May (OHB). Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. Silvery Fern. Asplenium acrostichoides Swartz Schrad. Jour. Bot. H. 54. 1800 [No locality given]. — Britton 307. A northern species reported by Willis from Freehold, within our limits. A specimen in the University of Pennsylvania from PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 133 the herbarium of the late Isaac Burk is labeled "deep swamps in Jersey." As Mr. Burk did most of his collecting in south Jersey, it is probable that this specimen came from somewhere in our region. POLYSTICHUM Roth. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.). Christmas Fern. Nephrodium acrostichoides Michaux, FI. Bor. Am. II. 267. 1S03 [Pennsyl- vania, Carolina and Tennessee]. Aspidium acrostichoides Knieskern 41. — Britton 310. Aspidium acrostichoides schweinitsii Britton 310. Common northward, but only casual within our range and re- stricted to the Middle district, except an isolated colony which I discovered at Speedwell in the heart of the Pine Barrens and one at Cape May. Spores Mature. — Early June to late June; indusia soon withering. Fronds evergreen, except the fertile portion which withers during the winter. Middle District. — Farmingdale, Shark River (UP), New Egypt, Borden- town, Birmingham, Springdale (S), Woodbury, Sewell (S), Swedesboro, Salem (S). Pine Barrens. — Speedwell (S). Cape May.— Cape Miay (O. H. Brown). DRYOPTERIS Adanson. Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.). New York Fern. Polypodium novehoracense Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1091. 1753 [Canada]. Aspidium Novehoracense Knieskern 41. — Britton 309. Common northward; southward restricted to the Middle, Coast and Cape May districts, where it is less common. Spores Mature. — Late June into August. Middle DufnV^— Farmingdale, Allaire (S), Birmingham, Haddonfield (S), Westville (UP), Mickleton (H), Lawnside (S), Sewell (S), Andrews, Swedesboro, Yorktown, Dividing Creek. Coast Strip. — Coxes, Manahawkin, Ocean City (UP). Cape May.— Cape May (OHB). Dryopteris thelypteris (L.). Marsh Fern. Acrostichum Thelypteris Linnseus, Sp. PI. 1071. 1753 [Europe]. Aspidium Thelypteris Britton 308. Throughout, but not common in, the Pine Barrens. Spores Mature. — Mid-August well into September. 134 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Middle Distric t.—S^ndy Hook (C), Farmingdale, Pt. Pleasant, New Egypt, Hartford, Medford (S), Washington Park, Micklcton (H), Sewell (S), Clementon, Atco (C), Sicklerville (S), Glassboro, Swedesboro, York- town, Beaver Dam. Pine Barrens. — Hammonton (S). Coast Strip. — Seaside Park (UP), Barnegat, Manahawkin, Beach Haven Terrace (L), Surf City (L), Beach Haven Crest (L), Holgate's (L), Ocean City (S), Petersburg (S), Wildwood. Cape May. — Goshen (S), Three miles west Court House (S), Cape May. Dryopteris simulata Davenp. Massachusetts Fern. Aspidium simnlatum Davenport, Bot. Gaz. XIX 495. 1894 [Seabrook Essex Co. Mass.]. Dryopteris simulata Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1908, 457. Originally discovered in our region at Clementon by Mr. Stewardson Brown and apparently restricted to boggy spots or cedar swamps on the edge of the Pine Barrens. Spores Mature. — Early August to late September. Middle District. — Glassboro, Shark River. Pine Barrens. — Farmingdale, Shark River, Double Trouble, Forked River, Cox's, Clementon, Andrews, west of Sicklerville, Cedar Brook, Batsto Forks. Dryopteris cristata (L.).* Crested Fern. Polypodium cristatum Linneeus, Sp. PI. 1090. 1753 [N. Europe]. Aspidium cristatum Britton 309. Northern New Jersey; occurring locally southward in the Middle district. Spores Mature. — Late June to late July; indusia commonly withering by early July. Middle District. — Red Bank (C), Farmingdale, Hanover, Moorestown (UP), Camden (P), Medford (S), Lawnside (S), Mickleton (H), Tomlin, Sewell (S), Atco (C), Swedesboro, MulHca Hill (C). Coast Strip. — Cox's. Cape May. — Cape May (O. H. Brown). Dryopteris marginalis (L.). Evergreen Wood Fern. Polypodium marginale Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1091. 1753 [Canada]. Aspidium marginale Britton 309. A common fern of the northern counties, rare and local w'ithin our limits and occurring only in the Middle district. * Dryopteris cristata clintomana Eaton (Gray's Man. Ed. V. 665. 1867. — New York), was reported within our limits only from Little Timber Creek, Camden Co., by L C. Martindale in Britton's Catalogue. The specimen was not examined until after this page was in type. It seems to be correctly iden- tified. PLAiNTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 135 Spores Mature. — ^Early June to early July, indusia soon with- ering. Fronds everg-reen, persisting with large brown sori over the winter. Middle District. — Farmingdale, Bordentown, Riverton (UP), Birmingham, Camden (P), Woodbury, Mickleton (C),* 5 mi. S. of Swedesboro (CDL). Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz.). Spinulose Shield Fern. Polypodium spinulosa Retzius, Fl. Scand. Ed. 2. 250. 1795 [Scandinavia]. Common northward, south locally in the Middle district. Spores Mature. — Mid-May to early June ; indusia soon wither- ing. Fronds barely persisting to the beginning of winter. Middle District. — New Egypt, Glassboro, Mickleton. Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia Muhl. Spinulose Shield Fern. Aspidium intermedium "Muhlenberg" Willdenow, Sp. PI. V. 262. 1810 [Pennsylvania]. — Barton II. 208. Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium Britton 309. Dryopteris spinulosa Saunders, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, p. 548. Common northward, south locally in the Middle district and rarely on the coast, to Cape May. Spores Mature. — Mid-May to early June; indusia soon with- ering. Sterile fronds evergreen, but fertile fronds mostly perish during the winter. Middle District. — Farmingdale (S), Pt. Pleasant, Bordentown, Hartford, Birmingham, BerHn, Atco (C), Woodbury (UP), Swedesboro, Yorktown. Coast Strip. — Cox's. Cape May.— Cape May (OHB). FILIX Adanson. Filix fragilis (Linn.). Brittle Fern. Polypodium F[ilix]- fragile Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1091. 1753 [Europe]. Cystopteris fragilis Britton 310. Filix fragilis Keller and Brown 14. Common northward, but known within our limits only from Freehold (Willis), from Medford, where it was discovered May 30, 1903, by Mr. Stewardson Brown growing on the vertical bank of a small stream in deep woods, and from Pitman in a similar situation discovered by Mr. Bayard Long. *Dr. Harshberger's specimen reported from Seaside Park (Proc. Acad.. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, 623) proves to be Osmunda cinnamomea. 136 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Spores Mature. — Late May to early July ; indusia soon with- erincf. Middle Di^fnVf.— Freehold (C), Medford, Pitman, Mantua (H). DENNST/EDTIA Bernhardi. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.). Sweet-scented Fern. Nephrodium punctilohulum Michaiix, Fl. Bor Am. II. 268. 1803 [Canada]. Dicksonia punctilobula Nuttall II. 253. — Britton 311. North Jersey and locally southward in the Middle district and on the coast. Also found by the writer at Cape May. Spores Mature. — Mid-June to apparently early August. Middle District. — Freehold (C), Shark River, Hornerstown, Birmingham, Arneys Mt. (S), Lenola (UP), Taunton (S), Mickleton (H), Blackwood, Sewell (S), Andrews, Swedesboro, Yorktown. Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Cox's. Cape May. — Cape May. PHEGOPTERIS Fee. Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.). Broad Beech Fern. Polypodium hexagonopterum Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. II. 271. 1803 [Carolina and Virginia]. Common in rocky w^oods of the northern counties and occa- sionally in the Middle district. Spores Mature. — 'Mid-June apparently into August. Middle District. — Long Branch, New Egypt, Swedesboro. Phegopteris dryopteris (L.). Oak Fern. Polypodium dryopteris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1093. 1753 [Europe]. Phegopteris dryopteris Saunders, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, p. 548. A typical mountain species of northern New Jersey discovered growing in the shaft of an old well at Calico, in the heart of the Pine Barrens, by Mr. C. F. Saunders, July 5, 1899. Not known from elsewhere within our range. Spores Mature. — Probably in June, quite dehisced in the above specimen. Pine Barrens. — Calico. PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 137 MATTEUCCIA Todaro. Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.). Ostrich Fern. Osmunda struthiopteris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1066. 1753 [Northern Europe]. Onoclea struthiopteris Britton 310. Matteuccia struthiopteris Keller and Brown 14. Along the Delaware River at several points in northern New Jersey and at Crosswicks Creek on our northern boundary, where it was found by Mr. E. D. Sturtevant.* ONOCLEA L. Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. Onoclea sensibilis Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1062. 1753 [Virginia]. — Knieskern 41. — Britton 310. — Crawford, Bartonia L 19. 1909. Found throughout, except in the Pine Barrens; occurring in wet swamps, usually in shade. Spores Mature. — Early October, apparently through autumn. Fertile fronds arise in early July, the pinnae (which form berry- like bodies inclosing tht sporangia) split open by early October and allow the sporangia to dehisce and the spores to escape. Middle District.— A\\z\r& (S), Pt. Pleasant (S), New Egj'pt, Hartford, Pemberton (NY), Birmingham, Arney's Mt. (S), Delaire, Medford (S), Sewell (S), Sicklerville (S), Swedesboro, Salem (S). Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Cox's, Surf City (L), Ship Bottom (L), Tucker's (L), Palermo (S). Cape Maj).— Cape May (OHB). Order EQUISETALES. Rush-like plants with simple or much-branched jointed stems, leaves reduced to toothed sheaths covering the joints. Only three species occur within our district, none of them entering the Pine Barrens. Family EQUISETACE^. Horsetails. Fruiting Data. — The same character as for Filicales. * According to Britton's Catalogue. No specimens seen. 138 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Key to the Species. a. Stems smooth, annual. b. Cone-like spike containing the sporanges, on a separate plant, pale brown and without branches, appearing in spring and soon perishing. Sterile green plant with numerous branches becoming at least 75 mm. long. E. arvense, p. 138 bh. Cone-like spike at the tip of the stem of a green branched plant, branches fewer and variable, mostly less than 50 mm. long. £. fliwiatile, p. 138 aa. Stems harsh, stiff and evergreen, simple (very rarely branched). B. hyemale aiHne, p. 138 EQUISETUM L. Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail. Eguisetum arvense Linnaeus, Sp. P. 1061. 1753 [Europe]. — Knieskern 40. — Britton 312. Frequent except in the Pine Barrens, but mostly as a weed along railroads, etc. Spores Mature. — Early April to late April, more rarely to early May. Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Kirkwood, Delanco, Medford (S), Albion, Swedesboro (CDL). Coast Strip. — Forked River, Barnegat City (L). Cape May. — Dennisville (OHB), Court House, Anglesea Jnc. (S),' Cape May (OHB). Equisetum fiuviatile L. Swamp Horsetail. Equisetum Auviatile Linnseus, Sp. PI. 1062. 1753 [Europe]. Equisetum limosum Britton, Cat. N. J. Plants 313. Open wet swamps in north Jersey and occasional in the Mid- dle district close to the Delaware River. Spores Mature. — Mid-May to early June. Middle District. — Delaire, Kaighns Pt., Gloucester. Equisetum hyemale affine (Engelm.). Scouring Rush. Equisetum robiistum affine Englemann, Amer. Jour. Sci. 46:88. 1844 [St. Louis, Mo.]. Equisetum hyemale Knieskern 40. — Britton 313. * E. scirpoides is given in Torrey's Catalogue 17, on the authority of Dr. Eddy, as occurring in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, but there must have been some mistake, as this species has never been found by anyone else. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 139 North and Middle districts, usually appearing as if introduced. Spores Mature. — Late May to late July, occasionally later in the summer. Undeveloped spikes persist throughout the year. Evergreen. Middle District.— Keyport (C), Farmingdale (S), New Egypt, Delanco, Birmingham (C), Vincentown (C), Camden (P), Medford (S), Westville (KB), Woodstown (H). Order LYCOPODIALES. Includes the Club Mosses, Selaginellas and Ouillv^orts. The last are mainly confined to the Delaware River and its im- mediate tributaries. Of the Club Mosses two species are charac- teristic of the Pine Barren bogs and found in practically all such situations in the district, while one other species is almost restricted to the Pines — L. carolmianum: The other seven are for the most part intrusions from the north, only one of which occurs (sporadically) in the Pine Barren district. Our only Selaginella occurs in the Middle and Coast districts only. Fruiting Data. — As in the ferns. Key to the Species. a. Erect submerged plants consisting of a cluster of awl-shaped leaves arising from a fleshy bulb-like base. Sporangia concealed at the base of the leaves. Isoetes, p. 144 aa. Small prostrate or assurgent moss-like plants, with sporanges at the axils of minute flat spreading leaves. Selaginella apus, p. 143 aaa. Larger prostrate or erect plants with sporanges in the axils of the leaves in erect cylindrical spikes. b. Plants normally erect, leaves all alike. Lycopodium lucidulum, p. 140 bb. Stems trailing, sending up erect branches, leaves all alike but top of spike, where the sporangia are born somewhat stouter. c. Stems densely leafy, 15 mm. or terminal part 20 mm. in diameter. L. alopecuroides, p. 141 cc. Stems more slender. d. .2 — I dm. high, central stem slender throughout. L. inundatum, p. 140 dd. 2.5-3 dm. high, decidedly more robust, central stem thicker terminally. L. chapmanii, p. 141 aaaa. Larger prostrate or erect plants with sporangia in the axils, of modified, yellowish, scale-like leaves which form a distinct slender cone-like spike. b. Whole plant upright, branching. L. obscurum, p. 142 I40 REPORT OP NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. bb. Plant with a prostrate creeping stem from which rise erect branches. c. Leaves linear subulate, not ail strictly appressed. d. Creeping stem, short, not more than .5 dm. in length, from which rises a slender stalk with minute appressed leaves and a single terminal spike. L. carolinianum, p. 142 dd. Creeping stem, 3-12 dm. long, with many erect or recumbent leafy branches, from some of which rise the slender fruit stalks, bearing one to four spikes each. L. clavatum, p. 143 cc. Leaves minute, scale-like, imbricated and appressed on the flat- tened palmate branches, which rise from a similar creeping stem. d. Trailing stem deep down below the surface, branches less than two millimeters wide. L. tristachyum, p. 143 dd. Trailing stem on the surface, branches two to four milli- meters wide, more loosely forked. L. HabeUifonne, p. 143 Family LYCOPODIACE^. Club Mosses. LYCOPODIUM L. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining Club-iVloss. Lycopodium lucidulum Michaux, Fl. Bor. Amer. IL 284. 1803 [Canada to Mountains of Carolina]. — Britton 303. Moist woods of North Jersey and locally in the Middle dis- trict. Spores Mature. — Late July to mid- August; period of maturity brief. Everg-reen. Middle District. — New Egypt, Birmingham, Camden, Springdale (S), Med- ford (S), Woodbury, Swedesboro, Yorktown. Lycopodium inundatum L. Bog Club-Moss. Lycopodium inundatum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1102. 1753 [Europe]. Bogs of the northern counties and very rarely in the Middle district. This species seem clearly distinct from the next, easily rec- ognized by its slender stem and lower habit. Mr. W. A. Poyser tells m'e that he has- specimens from Fairmount, Bergen County. Middle District. — Kaighns Pt. PLIAiNTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 141 Lycopodium chapmanii Underwood. Chapman's Club-Moss. PI. r., Fig. 2. Lycopodium chapmanii "Underwood" Maxon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23:646. igoi. n. n for L. ind. adpressum Chapman [Caloosa Riv., Florida]. Lycopodium inundatum Gray, Manual Ed. I. 637. 1848. — Britton 303. Lycopodium mundatum var. Bigelovii Gray, Manual Ed. V. 673. 1867. One of the most characteristic plants of the bogs of the Pine Barren region, occurring casually in the Middle, Coast, and Cape May districts. Spores Mature. — Early August well into October. Middle District.— Allaire (S), Farmingdale, Belmar (UP), Shark River, Center Square, Lindenwold, Orchard (S), Franklinville (UP), Union Grove (S), Diividing Creek. Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst (UP), Chatsworth (UP), Clementon, Water- ford, Cedar Brook, Ancora (UP), Atco (UP), Millville, Hammonton, Egg Harbor City, Absecon, Opposite Crowleytown. Coast Strip. — Seaside Park, Forked River, Cox's, Harvey Cedars (L), Ship Fottom (L), Surf City (L), Spray Beach (UP), Peahala (L). Cape May. — ^Bennett, Cold Spring (S). Lycopodium alopecuroides L. Fox-tail Club-IVIoss. PI. I., Fig. I. Lycopodium alopecuroides Linnseus, Sp. PI. 1102. 1753 [Virginia, Canada]. — Willis 79. — Britton 303. Lycopodium alopecoides Knieskern 41. A characteristic Pine Barren bog species usually associated with the preceding. It reaches its northern limit in New Jersey, and occurs outside of the Pine Barrens only at Lawrence Station and a few localities in the Middle and Cape May districts. Spores Mature. — Early September through October, even until killed by frost. Middle District.— Ua'mesport, Kaighns Pt., Griffith's Swamp, Lindenwold, Swedesboro, Bridgeton, Dividing Creek. Pine Barrens.— Toms River, Brown's Mills, South of New Egypt, Ware- town, Pasadena, Chatsworth, Tomlinson's, Landisville, Hammonton, Pleasant Mills, Egg Harbor City. Cape Mail.— Bennett (S), Cold Spring (S). The characters usually cited for distinguishing the three pre- ceding species are apparently not very constant and we certainly have a chain of connecting links in our New Jersey bogs between L. chapmanii and L. alopecuroides. As to L. inundatum, the 142 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. slender stem seems to separate all iiothern specimens that I have seen from L. chapmanii and the Kaighn's Pt. specimen is appar- ently the northern form. The old Kaig-hns Pt. Swamp harbored a number of northern plants not found elsewhere so far south in the State. The application of the name Bigelovii is differently construed by different authors. It has usually been associated with inundatum as a variety. Lycopodium carolinianum L. Carolina Club-Moss. PI. I., Fig. 3- Lycopodium carolinianum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1104. 1753 [Carolina]. — Gray's Man. Ed. I. 638. — Knieskern 41. — Willis 80. — Britton 304. This delicate little species, so frequently assocated with Schizaa, is almost entirely restricted to the Pine Barrens, which mark the northern limit of its range. It is found in moist, sandy, open spots. It occurs with SchiscBa at Mr. Bartram's locality near Seaside Park and has been found also at one station near Bennett by Mr. Long. Spores Mature. — Late August well into November. Pine Barrens. — Toms River (UP), Bamber, Waretown, West Creek (S), Chatsworth, Bear Swamp (S), Ballinger's Mill (S), Hammonton, Atsion, Quaker Bridge (Bassett), Batsto, opposite Crowleytown, Pleasant Mills, Egg Harbor City, Forked River, Absecon, Mays Landing (N. Y.). Coast Strip. — Seaside Park. Cape May. — Bennett. Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground Pine. Lycopodium obscurum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1102. 1753 [Philadelphia, J. Bartram]. — Britton 304. Lycopodium dendroidum Barton, Fl. Phila. IL 203. — Knieskern 41. A common woodland species of North Jersey and found less abundantly in the Middle, Coast, and Cape May districts, and at one locality in the Pines, possibly an intruder from the coast. Spores Mature. — Apparently from late July to mid-August; fruits rather infrequently. Evergreen. Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, New Lisbon (C), Birmingham, Moorestown (C), Fish House, Medford (S), Mickleton (H), Atco (C), Sicklerville, Glassboro, Swedesboro, Yorktown, Centerton (S). Pine Barrens — Hammonton (Bassett). Coast Strip. — Cox's, Tuckerton. Cape May.— Court House (S), Cold Spring (OHB). PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 143 Lycopodium flabelliforme (Fernald.). Trailing Christmas-green. Lycopodium complanatum flabelliforme Fernald, Rhodora Nov. 1901, p. 280 [Maine]. Lycopodium complanatum Barton 203. — Knieskern 41. — Britton 304. The common trailing species of the North Jersey woods ex- tending casually to the Middle district c.nd on the coast, even to the Cape May peninsula, but not known from the Pine Barrens. Spores Mature. — Early August to mid- August ; a very short period. Rather rarely fruiting in our range. Evergreen. Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Arneys Mt. (S), Fish House, Swedesboro. Coast Strip. — Manahawkin. Cape May. — Wildwood Jnc. Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh. Glaucous Christmas-green. Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 653. 1814 [Sweet Springs, Mountains of Virginia]. Very rare in the Middle district and probably farther north in dry woods. Found at Shark River by Messrs. S. Brown and Norman Taylor, July 4, 1910, growing along a railroad bank and perhaps not native. Strobiles on the specimens somewhat immature. Middle District. — Shark River. Lycopodium clavatum L. Trailing Club-Moss. Lycopodium clavatum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. noi. 1753 [Europe].— Britton 304.— Keller and Brown 16. Found in the woodlands of the northern counties, but known within our limits only from a very few stations in the Middle district. Spores mature. — Fruiting specimens very rare, apparently. All seen from our range are sterile. Evergreen. Middle District.— Eord^nio^n, Ashland, Mickleton (C), near Millville (KB). Family SELAGINELLACE^. Selaginellas. SELAGINELLA Beauvois. Selaginella apus (L.). Selaginella. Lycopodium apus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1105. 1753 [Carolina, Virginia and Penn- sylvania]. Selaginella apus Knieskern 41. — Britton 303. 144 REPORT OF NE\\' JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Swampy ground in the North and Middle districts and down the coastal strip to Cape May, occurring among the roots of grasses and sedges or with sphagnum ; especially abundant along the inner edge of the salt marshes. Spores Mature. — Late June to early September. Semi-ever- green. Middle District.— Varmm^^zXt, Delanco, Mickleton (C), Center Sq. (H), Lindenwold, Sewell (S), Glassboro (S), Swedesboro. Coast Strip. — Pt. Pleasant, Forked River, Cox's, Absecon (Bassett). Cape May. — Court House (S),Cold Spring (S). Family ISOETACE^. Quill worts. ISOETES L. The four species of Isoetes recorded from the Delaware River are given on the basis of specimens in the collection of Mr. W. A. Poyser, which were identified for him by Mr. A. A. Eaton ; other specimens presumably identical are in the Academy collection. Mr, Poyser tells me further that /. saccharata, riparia and echin. hraiinii seemed to prefer the sand, but canadensis was in the coarse gravel. All \vere exposed at low tide. At Fish House /. saccharata intergraded with /. riparia, but at Delair was ap- parently growing alone. He sent Mr. Eaton abundant material from each locality, alive. Outside of the Delaware River Isoetes seems rare in our dis- trict. Specimens from Camden Co. and Toms River are cited as identified in Britton's Catalogue. Besides these I have only seen specimens from Mays Landing; these are in the Academy herbarium and are supposed to be /. riparia. Specimens of /, engelmanni identified by Eaton from: Assinpink Creek, just north of our limits, are in Mr. Poyser's collection. Isoetes engelmanni A. Br. Engelmann's Quillwort. Isoetes Engelmanni, A. Braun, Flora 29: 178. 1846 [St. Louis, Mo.]. — Britton 302. — Keller and Brown 17. Ponds and lakes of the northern counties and sparingly in Camden Co. Middle District. — Camden (C) PUAiNTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 145 Isoetes echinospora braunii (Durien). Braun's Quillwort. Isoetes Braunii Durien, Bull. Soc. Bot. France XI: loi. 1864 [Lake Winne- pesaukee, N. H.]. — Britton 302. — Keller and Brown 17. Sparingly on the Dela,ware above Camden and at Toms River, also in ponds and lakes of the northern counties. Middle District.— Toms River (P). Isoetes canadensis (Engelm.). Dodge's Quillwort. Isoetes riparia var. Canadensis Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, IV: 383. 1882 [Maine]. Isoetes Dodgci Keller and Brown 17. — Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1908, 457. Sparingly on the Delaware above Camden. Middle District. — Fish House. Isoetes saccharata Engelm. Canby's Quillwort. Isoetes saccharata Engelmann, Gray's IMan. Ed. V : 676. 1867 [Wicomico River, Md.]. Sparingly on the Delaware above Camden. Originally dis- covered in Maryland by Wm. M. Canby. isoetes riparia Engelm. Shore Quillwort. Isoetes riparia Engelmann, A. Br. Flora 29:178. 1846 [Shore of the Dela- ware, near Philadelphia]. — Britton 302. — Keller and Brown 17. Plentiful along the shores of the Delaware above Camden. Middle District. — Camden (P). SPERMATOPHYTA. Seed-bearing Plants. Class GYMNOSPERM^. Order PINALES. A group of trees sharply separated from all others by their needle or scale-like (usually evergreen) leaves, resinous odor and cone-like fruit, modified in some species into a berry-like struc- ture. The Pitch Pine, Yellow Pine and White Cedar are the trees that give character to the Pine Barren district, while the Jersey Pine and Red Cedar are equally characteristic of the IMiddle 10 MUS 146 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. district, and the Old Field Tine of Cape May. Tlie White Pine and Hemlock are rare intrusions from ihc north, and the Pond Pine and Cypress from the south. Key to the Specie's. a. Seeds broadly winged, born in a typical cone, leaves evergreen. h. Leaves needle-like, two to five together in a sheath. c. Leaves in fives. Pinus strobus, p. 146 cc. Leaves in twos, short and somewhat twisted. P. virgiiiiana, p. 147 ccc. Leaves in twos or threes, cone small, 25-50 mm. long, prickles weak. P. echinata, p. 147 cccc. Leaves in threes. d. .7-1.2 dm. long, cone large and heavy, 16 mm. long, prickles strong. dd. 1.5-2.5 dm. long. P. rigida, p. 148 e. Cone short and ovoid, less than .7 dm. long. P. serotina, p. 149 ee. Cone long, .7-1.2 dm. long. P. tccda, p. 150 bb. Leaves short and flat, not united in sheath. Tsuga canadensis, p. 150 aa. Seeds in a spherical nut-like cone, leaves deciduous. Taxodium distichum, p. 151 aaa. Seeds in a bluish, smooth or angled berry-like fruit. b. Berry angular, persisting after opening as a brownish and woody nutlet. Chamaecyparis thyoides, p. 151 bb. Berry smooth and deciduous. Juniperus virginianns, p. 153 Family PINACE^. Conifers. PINUS L. Pinus strobus L. White Pine. PI. IV., Fig. 5- Pnmis strobus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. looi. 1753 [Virginia and Canada]. — Knies- kern 29. — Willis 57. — Britton 301. Originally, at least, a common forest tree of the northern counties, but occurring only sporadically in the Middle district and in no sense a characteristic species of our region. Fl. — June (apparently). Cones mature in early autumn of the second season, commonly falling during the winter. Middle District. — Pine Brook Station (C), Bordentown, Woodbury (C), Berlin (C), Swedesboro. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 147 Pinus virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine. PI. III., Fig. 3. PI. IV., Fig. 6. Pinus virginiana Miller, Gard. Diet. Ed. 8. No. 9. 1768 [Virginia]. — Britton 300. Pinus inops Pursh 641. — Miehaux Fl. Bor. Am. 11. 204. — Kiiieskern 29. — Willis 57 — Gray Manual, Ed. I. 439. This is the characteristic pine of the Middle district, especially in West Jersey, where it often forms dense patches of woodland.* It enters the Pine Barrens below Mays Landing and at Ham- monton, apparently following- the Batsto River and Egg Harbor River from the coast, where it is now very rare or absent. Mr. William T. Davis has also sent me a specimen from S. Lakehiirst, but states that this locality is not typical Pine Barrens. To the northward it occurs at several stations just beyond our limits. As both P. echinata and P. rigida occur occasionally in the Middle district, it is possible to find all three growing side by side, as I have done at Medford, when their differences arc rendered particularly striking. Pi — Late April to mid-May. Cones mature in autumn of the second season, and persist for several years. Middle District.— Kinkora, Beverly, Areola, Arney's Mt. (S), Pemberton (C), Sprirgdale (S), Washington Park, Westville (UP), Mickleton, Swedes- boro, Albion, Bridgeton. Pine 5arr^M.y.— Hammonton (Bassett), Mays Landing (S), S. Lakehurst (P), (from Wm. T. Davis). Cape May. — Cold Spring (S). Pinus echinata Mill. Short-leaved Pine, Yellow Pine. PI. Ill, Figs, r and 2. PI. IV, Figs. 7 and 8. Pinus echinata Miller, Gard. Diet. Ed. 8. No. 12. 1768. [Virginia].— Britton 301. Pinus mitis Knieskern 29.— Willis 57-— Gray Man. Ed. I. 440- This species, while perhaps more plentiful in the Pine Barrens, occurs frequently in the Middle district as well as at South Am- boy and in the Cape May peninsula. In some places, as at Brown's Mills, West Creek, Chatsworth, etc., it forms consider- able proves. * In the "Tree Book" Miss Julia E. Rogers states that this is the pine of the New Jersey Pine Barrens. Where she received this quite erroneous im- pression, unless from the popular name of the species, I cannot imagine. 148 REPORT OF NP:W JERSEY STATIC MUSEUM. I't- — Early May U> lak- May. Cones mature in late suninier of the second season and persist for several years. Middle District.— V&rmmgda\Q, Allaire, New Egypt (C), Arney's Mt. (S), Brown's Mills, Mcdford (S), Undcnwold, Mickleton (KB), Clcmenton (S), Albion, Swedesboro, Centerton (S), Bridgeton (NB), Fairton (NB), Biick- shuteni. Pine i37 jj. Stem not glutinous. k. Leaves grass-like, harsh, in a dense tuft. XeropJiylluin, p. 339 kk. Leaves linear, 18 mm. broad, smooth. Chrosperma, p. 341 hli. Flowers in an umbel or solitary. i. Sepals green, petals blue. Trade scantia, p. 325 PUA.NTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 157 a. Sepals blue, like the petals. Iridacece, p. 358 in. Flowers whitish or purple, odor of garlic. Allium, p. 344 hhh. Flowers in large open panicle or branched spike. Melanihium, p. 342 or Zygadenus, p. 342 hhhh. Flowers in a moderate panicle; flowers white, woolly. Lophiola and Gyrotheca, pp. 355, 354 ggg. Flowers with inconspicuous perianth, green or brownish, in an open (or con- gested) panicle; scattered singly or clus- tered in heads. Leaves grass-like or awl- shaped, and whole plant resembling a sedge. J uncus and Scheuchzeria, pp. 328, 167 cc. Flowers irregular. d. Flowers slightly irregular, lateral petals larger than lower one. Included in a folded leaf- like bract. Stamens. three. Commclina, p. 326 dd. Flowers markedly irregular, lower petal modified into a more or less elaborate lip, lateral petals much smaller, sepals slender and alike. Orchidacece, p. 361 hbh. Vines (or upright herbs with tenrils), flowers greenish. c. Flowers in umbels, stems often woody and armed with spines, fruit a berry. Smilax, p. 351 cc. Flowers in panicles or recemes, fruit winged. Dioscorea, p. 357 Order PAN DAN ALES. Comprises the Cat-tails and Biir-reeds. The former mainly restricted to the coast and river marshes, the latter to inland or coast swamps and streams. Family TYPHACE^. Cat-tails. Key to the Species. a. Leaves often nearly or quite an inch in width, staminate and pistillate portions of the spike contiguous, the former soon withering, but its stalk remaining at the end of the pi.stillate spike. Tyf>ha latifolia, p. 158 aa. Leaves not over half an inch in width, staminate spike separated by a short intervals from the pistillate. T. angnstifolia, p. 158 158 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. TYPHA L. Typha latifolia Iv. Broad-leaved Cat-tail. Typha latifolia Linnceus, Sp. PI. 971. 1753 [Europe]. — Muhlenberg Gramineae 213. — Knieskern 30. — Britton 251. Swamps along the coast or borders of rivers and less fre- quently in isolated swamps in the interior ; rare in the Pine Barrens, where it always seems to spring up in burned swamps, or excavations, usually disappearing later. Fl. — Mid-June to late June. Fr. — Mid-July to late August. Middle District. — Farmingdale, Svvedesboro, Mickleton (H). Coast Strip. — Forked River, Beach Haven Terrace (L). Pine Barrens. — Wildwood, Egg Harbor City. Cape May.—S. Dennis (S), Goshen (S). Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved or Coast Cat-tail. Typha angustifolia Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 971. 1753 [Europe]. — Muhlenberg Gramineae 213. — Knieskern 30. — Barton H. 149. — Britton 252. Distribution similar to the last, but much more plentiful along salt or brackish water and rare in the northern counties. The Coast Cat-tail cover large areas of coastal and river marsh, forming safe retreat and shelter for many swamp-loving birds. Sometimes the growth is almost pure, in other places it is mixed with the Broad-leaved Cat-tail, or skirted by Rose Mallow, Wild Rice, etc., while here and there patches of Reed (Phragmifes) are interspersed. In summer the slender, erect, green leaves swaying in unison, rank upon rank, seem to be constantly changing their tone as they reflect the light and shadows from the sun and the passing clouds, while the effect produced by a stray breeze is like great billows traversing a broad green sea. In winter the yellow stalks and dry leaves rattling in the bleak wind still furnish shelter for the birds and present a warm spot in the otherwise dreary land- scape. And with every attempt to push one's way through them clouds of the downy seeds are dislodged and go whirling away on the wind or cover the intruder until he appears literally "tarred and feathered." Fl. — Early June to mid-June. Fr. — Mid-July to late August. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 159 Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Pemberton (C), Gloucester (UP), Beaver Dam. Coast Strip.—Sandy Hook, Sea Girt (UP), Como (UP), Pt. Pleasant, Seaside Park (UP), N. Beach Haven (L), Holgate's (L), Sherburn's (L), Anglesea, Wildwood, Pleasant Mills. Cape May.—S. Dennis (S), Sluice Creek (S), Cape May (S). Family SPARjGANIACE^. Bur-reeds. Flowering and Fruiting Data. — The time of fruiting indicates the season of fully developed intact fruiting heads. The Flowers appear in June and July. SPARGANIUM L. Key to the Species. a. Individual seeds sessile in the head. S. eurycarpum, p. 159 aa. Individual seeds stalked in the head. b. Inflorescence, simple. 5". aniericanum, p. 159 bb. Inflorescence, branched, S. a. androcladum, p. 160 Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Large Bur-reed. Sparganiuvi eurycarpum Engelmann, in Gray's Manual Ed. 2. 430. 1856 [U. S. northward and westward]. — Britton 252. Sparganium ramosum Barton, Fl. Phila. II. 149. 1818. Northern counties, extending casually to the Middle district in swamps along the Delaware and coast. Fl. — June and July. Fr. — Mid-July to mid-September. Middle District. — Delair, Camden. Coast Strip. — Lake Como. Sparganium americanum Nutt. Slender Bur-reed. Sparganium americanum Nuttall, Gen. II. 203. 1818 [Vicinity of Phila- delphia]. Swamps in the Pine Barrens, possibly more widely distributed. Fl. — June-July. Fr. — Late July to late September. While often erect, as is usual with the succeeding, this fonn is often found floating in the more rapid Pine Barren streams, the leaves being considerably elongated, but not as markedly so as in S. fluctuans of the north. Pine Barrens. — Forked River, Bamber, Tuckerton, Parkdale (S), Bear Swamp (S), Clementon. i6o REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Sparganium americanum androcladum (Engelm.). Branching Bur-reed. Sparganium simplex var andrucladum Hngelmanii, in Gray's Manual Ed. 5. 481. 1867 [^'- England southward especially westward]. Sparganium simplex Knieskcrn 30. — Barton II. 149. Sparganium androcladum Britton 252. In swamps common throughout, except in the T'ine Barrens, where it is largely replaced by the preceding. Fl. — June, July. Fr. — Mid-July to late September. Middle District. — Toms River (P), Farmingdale, New Egypt, Kinkora (NY), Tomlin (S), Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Parkdale, Bear Swamp (S), Cedar Brook, Clemcnton (S), Winslow (S), Landisville, Twelfth St., Egg Harbor City, Manumuskin (S). Cape May. — Cold Spring. Order NAJADALES. Floating or erect aquatic or swamp plants, including the Potid weeds, Arrow-heads, etc., generally distributed throughout our region. Family NAJADACE.^. Pondweeds, Etc. The Pondweeds occur in most of the ponds and streams of our region often mingled in great masses with Utricularias, Ceratophylhmi and other water plants. Most of the species can be recognized by the oval floating leaves, so different from the thin, usually grass-like submerged foliage, but others are entirely submerged and only to be identified by their fruit or minute flowers. The eel grass of the coast is a rather distinct and familiar species. Flowering and Fruiting Data. — Dates indicate period of ma- ture fruit. Flowers appear in late spring through the summer. Key to- the Species. a. Stem and leaves very slender, capillary or linear. b. Fruit, 2-6 in a cluster, sessile or slightly pedicelled, 2-4 mm. long, slender, curved and beaked. Leaves 25-75 rn^"- long. Zanichellia palustris, p. 165 bb. Fruit, 5-7 in an umbel on a pedicel, often spirally twisted ; 2 mm. long, ovoid, beaked. Leaves 25-75 mm. long. Ruppia maritima, p. 165 bbb. Fruit, solitary, sessile, ellipsoid. PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. i6i c. Leaves crowded on the branches 12-25 mm- long. 1-2 mm. wide. Najas flexilis^ p. 165 cc. Leaves capillary opposite or in whorls 12-50 mm. long. Najas gracillima, p. 166 bbbb. Fruit sessile in a cluster or short spike borne on a common peduncle or rarely sessile. c. Stem much branched above, the branches continually forking; fruits smooth and plump, in an elongated spike. d. Fruit 2-3 mm. long in a compact spike. Ptamogeton confervoides, p. 163 dd. Fruit 3-4 mm. long in an interrupted spike, in whorls. P. pectinatus, p. 164 cc. Stem densely dichotomously branched above. d. Fruit smooth and plump, in a cluster of 3-10, about 2 mm. long. , P. pusillus, p. 164 dd. Fruit flattened with a prominent spiral ridge on the side (sometimes with oval floating leaves and pedicelled spikes projecting from the surface). c. Submerged spikes sessile, l-io fruited, fruit less than 2 mm. in diameter. P. dimorphus, p. 164 ee. Submerged spikes, short pedicelled, i mm. in diameter. P. diversifolius, p. 164 aa. Leaves ovate, elliptical or oblong lanceolate. Fruits in a dense spike, supported on a peduncle. b. All submerged. c. Cordate clasping or perfoliate. P. perfoliatus, p. 163 cc. Sessile, with margins finely serrulate and crisped. [P. crisp us]* bb. Some leaves floating petioled thicker and more curiaceous than the thin submerged leaves. c. Floating leaves ovate or round ovate, 50-100X30-50 mm. d. Submerged leaves large elliptic. P. amplif alius, p. 162 dd. Submerged leaves lanceolate, acuminate. P. pulcher, p. 162 cc. Floating leaves 12-30 mm. wide. Elliptic or obovate. d. 25-50 mm. ; submerged leaves capillary, root like. P. oakesianiis, p. 162 dd. 35-85 mm. long, somewhat obovate, obtuse ; submerged leaves hnear, closely ranked, 5-15 cm. long. P. epihydrus, p. 162 ddd. 50-150 mm. long, pointed at each end; submerged leaves lan- ceolate acuminate 10-30 cm. long. P. americanus, p. 163 ccc. Floating leaves elliptic obtuse, not over 25X12 mm., usually one- third less. Submerged leaves narrowly linear grass-like. d. Submerged fruit clusters sessile. P. dimorphus, p. 164 dd. Submerged fruit spikes short pedicelled. P. diversifolius, p. 164 * Introduced in ponds and ditches. II MUS 1 62 REPORT OF NEW JERSEV STATE MUSEUM. aan. Leaves ribbon-like, obtuse at the apex, .3-18 dm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, all submerged, branching marine plants from bays, etc., along the coast. Zostera marina, p. 166 POTAMOGETON L. Potamogeton oakeslanus Robbins.* Oakes' Pondweed. Pokimogcion oakeslanus Robbins, in Gray's Manual, Ed. 5. 485. 1867 [Eastern Massachusetts].— Gross, Bull. Torrcy Bot. Club XI. 32. 1884.— Britton 257. — Keller and Brown 22. Ponds in the Pine Barrens and Cape May peninsula and at Tenafly, Bergen Co. (Britton) ; apparently rare. Fr. — Apparently mid-July to mid-September. Pine Barrens.— Browns Mills (NB), Hospitality Br. 12th St., Estelville (NB), Folsom, Mays Landing (T). Cape Mao-.— Dennisville (OHB), Town Bank (OHB). Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Leafy Pondweed. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerman, Am. Jour. Sci. (IL) 6. 225. 1848 [Cambridge, Mass.]. — Britton 257. — Keller and Brown 22. Ponds and rivers of northern New Jersey extending into the Middle district along the Delaware. Middle District. — Cooper's Creek, Burlington. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Spotted Pondweed. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerman, Am. Jour. Sci. XLV. 38. 1843 [Medford and Stoneham, Mass.]. — Willis 60. — Britton 257. — Keller and Brown 22. Ponds and streams of the Middle and Coast districts to Cape May. Fr. — Late June to late July (apparently). Middle District. — Repaupo, Center Square, Elmer (P). Coast Strip. — Toms River (C), Atlantic City, Anglesea. Cape May. — Cape May, Cold Spring. Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Nuttall's Pondweed. Potamogeton epihydrus Rafinesque, Med. Repos. IL 5. 354. 1808. [Can- ada]. Potamogeton Pennsylvanicus Britton 257. Potamogeton nutiallii Keller and Brown 22. * P. natans, reported as common throughout by Britton and by Keller & Brown, I have been unable to find in southern Xew Jersey, nor have I seen specimens from within our limits. PLANTS OF SO'UTHERN NEW JERSEY. 163 Ponds and streams throughout the State, the commonest large- leaved Pondweed of our region. Fr. — Late June to early September. Middle District. — Farmingdale, Vincentown (NB), Kirkwood (Bassett), Paulsboro, Buckshutem, Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Bamber, Quaker Bridge, Clementon. Coast Strip. — Long Branch, Manasquan (NB), Forked River, Manahawkin. Cape Mav.— Cape May (OHB), Cold Spring. Potamogeton americanus Cham, and Schlecht.* Long-leaved Pondweed. Potamogeton americanus Chamisso and Schlechtendahl, Linnsea 11. 226. 1827 [Carolina]. Potamogeton Auitans Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 120. 1814. — Britton 257. Potamogeton lonchitis Keller and Brown 22. Northern counties and Middle district, not very common. Middle District. — New Egypt (NY), Repaupo, Swedesboro, Salem (C). Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Clasping-leaved Pondweed. Potamogeton perfoliatus Linnaeus, Sp. Fl. 126. 1753 [Europe]. — Britton 258. Reported as occurring in ponds throughout the State, but we have no evidence of its presence in the Pine Barrens. Fr. — Well matured September 17. Middle District. — Westville. Coast Strip. — Bayhead (McKenzie), Island Heights Jnc, Silver Lake near Belmar, Takanassee Lake (Elberon?) (UP). Potamogeton confervoides Reichb. Alga-like Pondweed. Potamogeton confervoides Reichenbach, Ic. Fl. Germ, and He!v. VIL 13. 1845 [Allegheny Mts.]. — Keller and Brown 23. Potamogeton tuckermani Willis 60. — Britton 258. Restricted to ponds and streams in the Pine Barrens and does not occur in New Jersey north of our limits. Fr. — Late June into September. Pine Barrens. — Toms River, Browns Mills, Bamber, Island Heights Jnc, Forked River, Ten miles W. of- Atlantic City, Absecon (P), Tuckerton, Atco, Landisville (T), Malaga (P), Hammonton, Atsion (C), Pleasant Mills, Spring Garden (UP). * P. heterophyllus Schreb. seems to be restricted to the northern part of the State. One non-fruiting specimen from the Batsto river collected Sept. 14, 1861, by Wm. Wynne Wister, and now in the Philadelphia Academy her- barium, has been referred to this species, but it cannot be identified with certainty. i64 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Potamogeton pusillus 1j.* Small Pondweed. Potamogeton ptisillum Linnjciis, vSp. PI. 127. 1753 [Europe]. — Brilton 258. Similar situations to tlie next, but apparently less common. Middle District. — Kaighns Pt. (NB), Swedesboro, Woodstown. Caf^e il/a.v.— Cape May Pt. (OHB). ! Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Rafinesque's Pondweed. Potamogeton diversifolius Rafinesque, Med. Repos. (II.) V. 354. 1808 [Carolina].— Barton, Flor. Phil. 96, 1818.— Torrey, Flor. U. S. I. 197. 1824. — Brown and Keller 23. Potamogeton setaceum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 120, 1814. Potamogeton hybridus Britton 257. Ponds and streams throughout the State except in the Pine Barrens. Pr. — Early July into September. Middle District.— Ocean Grove (UP), Delanco, Brown's Mills (UP). Cen- ter Square, Landisville. Coast Strip. — Manahawkin. Cape May.— Dennisville (OHB), Bennett, Cape May (OHB). Potamogeton dimorphus Raf. Spiral Pondweed. Potamogeton dimorphus Rafinesque, Am. Mo. Mag. I. 358. 1817 [Pennsyl- vania]. Potamogeton spirillus Britton 257. — Keller and Brown 23. Northern New Jersey, extending into the Middle district along the Delaware river. Fr. — Late June into August, Middle District.— Fish House, Westville (KB). Potamogeton pectinatus L. Fennel-leaved Pondweed. Potamogeton pectinatus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 127. 1753 [Europe]. — Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 198, 1824.— Britton 258. * The Woodstown specimen referred to by Keller and Brown as P. foliosus proves to be P. pusillus. t We find no evidence of the occurrence of P. robbinsii within the limits of our list, although it occurs in the northern counties. P. pectinatus is given as occurring in Monmouth Co. in Willis' Catalogue on Torrey's authority, but there is no specimen from this locality extant. The records given for the two species by Keller and Brown at Island Heights and Pleasant Mills, respec- tively, are based upon specimens in the Academy herbarium, which prove to be P. confervoides. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 165 Northern counties, and rare southward along the coast. Coast Strip.— Island Heights (NY), Sherburn's (L), Long Beach. RUPPIA L. Ruppia maritima L. Ruppia. Ruppia maritima Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 127. 1753 [Coast of Europe]. — Knieskern 30.— Willis 59-— Beck's Bot. 385, 1833.— Britton 259.— Keller and Brown 23- Frequent in bays and pools along the coast. Its occurrence on the Delaware Bay shore is probable, but not substantiated by specimens. Fr. — Mid-July to mid-October. Maritime. — Deal Beach, Seaside Park (Ha), Island Heights, Half Way House south of Bond's (L), St. Albans (L), Anchoring Island (L), Atlantic City, Somer's Point, Stone Harbor, Cold Spring, Cape May Pt., Cape May (P). ZANNICHELLIA L. Zannichellia palustris L. Zannichelia. Zannichellia palustris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 969. 1753 [Europe and Virginia]. — Britton 259. — Keller and Brown 24. In 1889 this plant was known only from a locality in Bergen County. In 1896 it was discovered at Forked River by Mr. Albrecht Jahn and other members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, and later Mr. Bayard Long extended its range southward to Long Beach. Mr. Stewardson Brown tells me that he is sure that he found it in the Manasquan River at Point Pleasant, about 1885, but no specimens are preserved. Fr. — Early June to mid-October. Coast Strip.— Forked River, Beach Haven (L), Holgate's (L), Sherburn's (L). NAJAS L. Najas flexilis (Willd.). Water Nymph. Canlinia Hexilis Willdenow, Mem. Acad. Berl. 1798:89 (1801) [Pennsyl- vania]. Naias flexilis Britton 259. Lakes and ponds frequent in the northern counties and extend- ing as a rare species into the Middle and upper coast districts, but apparently absent from the Pine Barrens. Fr. — August and September (at least). i66 REPORT OF NEW |J<:rSJ':v STATE MUSEUM. Middle District. — Camden, mouth of Cooper's Creek (UP). Westville, Repaupo (H), Mickleton (H), Salem. Coa.y^ 5/n>.— Takanassee Lake (Elberon?) (UP), Silver Lake, Bclmar. Najas gracillima (A. Br.). Slender Water Nymph. Nais Indica var. gracillima "A. P)r." Engcjm. in A. Gray Man., Ed. 5. 681. 1867 [Albany, N. Y., Woburn. Mass., and Missouri]. — Britton 259. Apparently restricted to ponds and creeks of western New Jerse}^ Fr. — Mid-Jul}- into September. Middle District. — Delanco, Mouth of Cooper's Creek, Palatine, Woodstown (NB). ZOSTERA L. Zostera marina L. Eel Grass. Zostera marina Linn.-cus, Sp. PI. 968. 1753 [Baltic Sea and Atlantic Ocean]. — Nuttall Genera IL 201, 1818. — Knieskern 30. — Willis 59. — Britton 259. — Keller and Brown 24. Common in bays all along- tbe coast. Information is lacking as to its occurrence on the Delaware Bay shore. The long ribbon- like leaves are washed up on the shores of the bays and on the salt marshes in large masses, termed ''Grass-wrack" by the fishermen. Of late years this is carefully dried and shipped to manufacturers of glassware, etc., to be used as packing. Fl. and Fr. — Seen only during June. Maritime. — Seaside Park (S), Spray Beach (L), N. Beach Haven (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Tucker's (L), Atlantic City (H), Ocean Cily (S), Cape May (P). Family SCHEUCHZERIACE^. Arrow-grass, Etc. Key to tlic Species. a. Leaves all basal, flowers in a terminal spike. Triglochin, p. 166 aa. Leaves scattered on the stem, flowers in a loose raceme. Schetichseria, p. 167 TRIGLOCHIN L. Triglochin maritima L. Seaside Arrowgrass. Triglochin maritima Linnseus, Sp. PI. 339. 1753 [Coast of Europe]. — Willis 60. — Britton 256. — Keller and Brown 24. Edge of salt marshes in Monmouth and Ocean Counties. I am not aware of the exact locality in Monmouth County from PLANTS OF SOIUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 167 which the specimens recorded in WilHs' hst came, nor do I know the name of their discoverer. In July, 1902, however, on an excursion of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, Alessrs. Van Pelt, Brown and Jahn rediscovered this interesting plant at Point Pleasant, on the south side of the Manasquan, and this colony is still flourishing". Fl. — Probably late spring to autumn. Fr. — ^Early July into autumn, often persisting for a full season. Maritime. — Pt. Pleasant. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Scheuchzeria palustris L. Scheuchzeria. Scheuchzeria palustris Linnaeus, Sp. PL 338. 1753 [Lapland, Switzerland, Borussia and Sweden]. — Nuttall Genera L 236, 1818. — Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 174. 1818. — Britton 256. — Keller and Brown 24. This curious little northern bog plant is one of those species that, probably forced southward during glacial times, has man- aged to persist locally in cold bogs far south of its normal range. It occurs in various parts of the Pennsylvania Alleghanies and in the New Jersey mountains at Budd's Lake. In the southern part of the State it was known as early as 18 18 to Barton and Nuttall, the former of whom recorded it as rare in Cranberry Swamps of Jersey not far from Philadelphia. Whether the two definite localities of which we have record were those known to the older botanists or not I cannot say. It is certainly of very rare occurrence in our region to-day, if not actually extinct. I have personally never collected it in New Jersey. F/.— Mid-May. Fr. — Mid- June to late June. Middle District.— hon%2.cormng, C. E. Smith, 1867 (UP, NB and P), Re- paupo, Benj. Heritage, July 15, 1892 (H), also (UP). Family ALISMACE.^. Arrow-heads, Etc. Arrow-heads of one species or another are found along the shores of nearly all the streams or ponds in southern New- Jersey. The Long-beaked Arrow-head is the species of the Pine Barrens and Cape May, while the Common Arrow-head takes its place in the Middle district; the others are less frequent and i68 REPOR'J^ OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. occur mainly along the Delaware River or Bay. The variability in the leaves of these plants, both in size, shape and proportions, makes their identification often very puzzling, and those with lanceolate or submerged leaves (phyllodia) can only be cer- tainly determined by their fruits, the relative size and shape of the achenes being the best character. The Water Plantain occurs in swamps except in the Pine Barrens. Key to tJie Species. a. Flowers small (5 mm. broad), in a large erect panicle. Alisima, p. 168 aa. Flowers large (12-35 i^™- J^ diameter), in whorls of three on an erect scape. b. Leaves arrow-shaped, basal lobes prominent. c. Beak of achene erect, bracts longer than fruit pedicels. Sagittaria longirostra, p. 171 cc. Beak of achene horizontal, bracts shorter than fruit pedicel. S. latifolia, p. i6g bb. Leaves elliptic, sometimes with very short curved basal lobes (often on one side only), achene beak erect, fruit sessile. .S". rigida, p. 171 bbb. Leaves ovate lanceolate or linear on slender petioles, often only submerged phyllopodia. Achene very small (i mm.), nearly beak- less ; fruit long-pedicelled.* 5. graminea, p. 172 bbbb. Leaves lanceolate or linear, strap-shaped or with a narrow blade, not more than 75-100 mm. in height. Whorls of flowers i to 3. S. subulata, p. 172 aaa. Flowers not over 16 mm. in diameter, pedicelled in a terminal umbel. b. Umbel 3 flowered, leaves taller than scape, petioles widened at base. S. subulata, p. 172 bb. Umbel 2-8 flowered, leaves shorter than scape, petioles not widened at base. Helianthium parvulum, p. i6g ALISMA L. Alisma subcordatum Raf. Water Plantain. Alisma subcordaiiim Refinesque, Md. Reposit. IL 5. 362. 1808 [United States]. Alisma plantago Britton 255. Alisma parviflora Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. L 253 [Salt Marshes coast of N. J. and Penna.]. Common in swamps except int he Pine Barrens, where it is absent. * Occasional forms of S. longirostra and latifolia with lanceolate leaves can be recognized by their large beaked achenes. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 169 Fl. — Early July to late August. Fr. — Early August to early October. Middle District. — New Egypt, Delanco, Delair, Swedesboro. Coast Strip. — Anglesea (UP). Cape May. — E. of Court House, Wildwood Jnc, Bennett, Cape May. HELIANTHIUM Engelmann. Helianthium parvulum (Engelm.). Dwarf Water Plantain. Echinodorus parvuhis Engelmann in A. Gray Manual Ed. 2. 438. 1856 [Michigan]. Alisma tenellum Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1908, 457. This delicate little plant was apparently unknown from New Jersey until August 10, 1907, when it was discovered by the writer in company with Messrs. Stewardson Brown and Samuel S. Van Pelt on the edge of Nelly's Pond, north of Delanco. Fl. — Late July to late August. Fr. — Mid-August to mid- September. Middle District. — Delanco. SAGITTARIA L. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Common Arrow-head.* Sagittaria latifolia Willdenow, Sp. PI. IV. 409. 1806 [Canada to Carolina]. Sagittaria variabilis Knieskern 30. Sagittaria sagittccfolia formse obtiisa latifolia et hastata. — Britton, p. 255. This is the common Arrowhead of the Middle district, especi- ally along the Delaware and other larger streams and their tribu- taries and also in the northern counties. While it has not been found on the coast it does occur on the lower Egg Harbor River along with species that have evidently worked their way inland. * Lophotocarpiis spongiosus Engelmann (in Gray Man. Ed. 5. 493. 1S67) is included in Britton's Catalogue from tidal mud in the Delaware, Camden Co., N. J., authority of Mr. Chas. F. Parker. Mr. Parker's specimens, preserved with the rest of his herbarium at Princeton University, represent a plant that has been frequently collected at the above locality, and is well represented in the Academy herbarium. It has been generally, and I think rightly, regarded as a submerged form of Sagittaria graminea. The flower- ing scapes are 5-6 in. long, with very small flowers on pedicels 54-5^ in- long- The leaves are 2-3 in. long, tapering to a point and about J4 in. wide near the base. I have never seen any fruiting specimens. The plant is certainlv not Lophotocarpus. I70 REPORT OF XJCW jHRSEY STATE MUSEUM. It grows abundantly along- the shores of rivers and lakes or fills entirely smaller ditches and ponds, sometimes on mud or in swamps, entirely exjwsed above the roots, and at other times submerged half-way to the blades and flowers. Well distinguished from the following species by its hori- zontal achene beaks and its short bracts, it is extremely variable in size and in the character of its foliage. So far as I am aware the form with pubescent leaves, perhaps a distinct species, does not occur within our limits, Ijut our glabrous plants show ap- parently all possible variation in hastate leaf forms. What is apparently the most widely prevalent form has a broad blunt blade no mm. long from the petiole and about the same width at the middle, while the lobes are lOO mm. long and 50 mm. wide at their middle, and more or less incurved or parallel to the petiole. Petioles about 7.5 cm. (30 in.) long. Another st^de has the blade longer and acute, 180 x 85 mm., lobes acute incurved 175 x 50 mm. A much smaller type of plant has petioles only 2 dm. (8 in.) long, blade blunt and narrow with sides nearly parallel for most of the length, 65 x 12 mm.; lobes still narrower, 60 x 6 mm. This resembles the narrow-leafed form of the next species so abundant in the Pine Barrens, and like it, occasionally presents leaves without basal lobes. In one instance I have seen such leaves on the larger plant described above, the blades measuring 150 X 30 mm. Mr. Stewardson Brown tells me that a similar plant which he placed in a garden pond later developed regular sagittate leaves. Another form of the common Arrowhead with narrow leaves has basal lobes strongly divaricate branching from the line of the blade at an angle of 45^. Some of these are large, blade 275 X 25 mm., and lobes 225 x iS mm., while others measure only 225 X 12 mm., lobes 200 x 9 mm. The majority of the slender- leaved plants are probably of this type. While each plant ap- pears to produce leaves of but one type, except for the occasional ones which lack basal lobes, I cannot see sufficient constancy of form to warrant the use of varietal names. Fl. — Late Julv to late September. Fr. — Fully mature rarely before September. PDA'NTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 171 Middle District. — Navesink Hills, Belmar (NY), Farmingdale, New Egypt, Hartford, Delair, Camden, Westville, Washington Park, Albion, Jumbo. Coast Strip. — Weymouth (T), Mays Landing. Sagittaria longirostra (Micheli). Long-beaked Arrowhead. Sagittaria sagittifolia (?) longirostra Micheli, in D. C. Monog. Phan. 3. 69. 1881. [Alabama]. Sagittaria Engelmanniana J. G. Smith, Ext. fr. 6th Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 15. 1894 (in part). — Keller and Brown 25. — Mackenzie, Torreya IX. 30. 1909. Sagittaria sagittcefolia formas angustifolia et gracilis Britton 255. Sagittaria longirostra Mackenzie, Torreya IX. 30. 1909. Abundant on the edges of streams, bogs, etc., in the Pine Barrens and Cape May districts. Fl. — Late June to late September, fr. — Very rarely fully mature before late September. Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Toms River, Brown's Mills (NB), Hanover, Forked River, Dover Forge, New Egypt) Pasadena, Hammonton, Parkdale, Quaker Bridge (NB), Mullica River (NB), Pleasant Mills (NB), Pancoast, Weymouth (T).* Cape May.— -Cape May. The common Arrowhead of the Pine Barrens shows quite as much variation in leaf form as does the Sagittaria latifolia of the Delaware River and its tributaries, both varying from nar- rowly linear to broadly hastate, though the present species seems to exhibit the slender type of leaf more frequently. In fruit the two species are readily distinguished by the beak of the achene, which is erect in this form and horizontal in S. latifolia. The narrow-leaved form of the Pine Barren plant was long confused with S. engelmanniana, a more northern species distinct from either of those here considered. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. Sessile-fruited Arrowhead. Sagittaria rigida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 397- 1814 [Oswego river, near Great Falls, N. Y.].— Keller and Brown 25. Sagittaria heterophylla Wills 60.— Britton 256. Locally in northern New Jersey and southward along the Delaware. * Britton records it from Sandy Hook on the authority of I. C. Martindale, but I have been unable to verify the record. 172 Kl{PORT 01< NKW jERSK-Y STATJ': MUSEUM. Fl. — Late June to late July. Middle Du^ricf.— Westville (KB), Gloucester (KB), Camden. Sagittaria graminea iNIiclix. Grass-leaved Sagittaria. Sagittaria graminea Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. II. 190. 1803 [Canada]. — Smith Ext. fr. 6th Ann. Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25. 1894. — Britton 256.— Keller and Brown 25. Locally distributed in ponds and boggy spots in northern New Jersey, southward along the Delaware and in Cape May Co. and the Pine Barrens. Most specimens of this arrowhead have well defined lanceolate leaf blades, but in wholly submerged plants, or notably those from tidal mud and gravel on the borders of the Delaware River, the leaf blades are partly or entirely absent, being represented by nearly linear '(or the basal ones lanceolate) phyllodia. The specimens from the tidal mud I have never seen fruiting, but the flowers are much reduced and on very short pedicels, sometimes nearly sessile. Mr. J. G. Smith records a specimen of Sagittaria teres, "N. J. Pine Barrens, Torrey, 1833,''* but in view of the fact that we have no other evidence of the occurrence of this species in southern New Jersey, it seems at least possible that the specimen referred to may have belonged to vS*. graminea. Fl. — Late May to early Septemiber. Fr. — ^Late July into September. Middle District. — Delanco, Delair, Fish House, Camden. Pine Barrens. — Pleasant Mills, Main Road Sta. (T). Cape May. — Bennett. Sagittaria subulata (I>). Subulate Sagittaria. Alisma subulata Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 343- i753 [Virginia]. Sagittaria pusilla Willis 60. Sagittaria natans Britton 256. Sagittaria subulata Keller and Brown 25. Muddy or gravelly river shores, northern New Jersey and south along the Delaware. A low plant with club-shaped phyllodia, growing on the muddy flats along the Delaware, associated with Isoetes, Brio- * Ext. Si.xth Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 28. 1894. PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 173 caulon parkeri, etc ;. exposed at low tide and completely sub- merged, when the tide is high. Fl. — Late July to late August. Fr. — .Fully mature very rarely before September. Middle District. — Camden, Fish House, Bridgeport. Family VALLISNERIACE^. Several submerged aquatic plants with flowers that reach the surface of the water on slender scapes. Key to the Species. a. Leaves short (5-10 mm.), whorled or opposite. Philotria, p. 173 aa. Leaves long and narrow and grass-like, pistillate flowers on filiform scapes (6-12 dm. long), later coiling spirally, staminate flowers detached, floating. Vallisneria, p. 173 aaa. Leaves heart-shaped, broad and spongy, petioled. Limnohium, p. 173 PHILOTRIA Rafinesque. Philotria nuttallii (Planch.). Water Weed. Anacharis Nuttallii Planchon, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. H. i. 86. 1848 [North America]. Ponds and streams North and Middle districts. Fl. — June to August (probably). Middle District. — New Egypt, Delair, Camden, Cooper's Creek, Paulsboro, Repaupo, Swedesboro. VALLISNERIA L. Vallisneria spiralis L. Wild Celery. Tape Grass.* Vallisneria spiralis Linnseus, Sp. PL 1015. I753 [Pisa, Italy] .—Knieskern 30. — Britton 229. Larger streams of the North and Middle districts. Fl. — July to September (apparently). Middle District. — Bordentown, Delaire, Cooper's Creek, Timber Creek, Westville. Coast Strip.— Ft. Pleasant (NY), Island Hts. (NY). LIMNOBIUM L. C. Richard. Limnobium spongia (Bosc). Frog's Bit. Hydrocharis Spongia Bosc, Ann. Mus. Paris IX. 396. PL 30. 1807 [South Carolina]. Limnobium spongia Knieskern 30.— Willis 60.— Britton 329.— Keller and Brown 26. * The plant referred to by Harshberger under this name as abundant on the shore of Barnegat Bay (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.. IQOO, p. 657) is obviously Zostera marina. 174 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Reported by Knicskcrn from Swimming- River, MoniiKnith Co., the only known locality in the State and not recently found there so far as I know . No specimen seen. Coast Strip. — Swimming River [Knieskern]. Order GRAMINALES. A large group comprisnig the Grasses and Sedges. Family GRAMINE^. Grasses. Grasses may be distinguished from sedges by having hollow culms, round or flattened in cross section, and fruit in the form of grains. Flowering and Fniiting Data. — Dates given indicate the season of full fresh panicles, racemes or spikelets, from the be- ginning of the flowering season to the latest date, when fresh intact inflorescence is still commonly present. a. Sv.'eet scented, odor persisting after drying. h. Inflorescence in a compact spike. [Anthoxanthunt odorafum]* bb. Inflorescence in an open panicle. Savastana, p. 216 aa. Not sweet scented. b. Fruit a prickly bur. Cenchriis, p. 213 bb. Fruit imbedded in the stalk (rachis). making a cylindrical, swollen, smooth or corrugated spike. c. Spike uniform throughout. Cwlorachis, p. 181 cc. Spike with distinct staminate flowers above on a much more slender extension of the rachis. Tripsacum, p. 180 bbb. Fruit not ^ bur nor imbedded in the rachis. c. Inflorescence obviously silky with soft hairs, appressed or in tufts. d. Two large glumes embracing a spikelet of several flowers be- tween them, plants green. Danthonia sericea, p. 231 dd. Inflorescence not in small spikelets, subtended by large glumes, plants more or less rusty purplish or glaucous. e. Pubescence largely rusty, inflorescence forming a dense plume-like head 1-1.2 dm. long, 25-50 mm. broad or more, maroon or chestnut, flowers long awned. Erianthus, p. 181 ee. Pubescence white or whitish. /. Hairs not reaching beyond the flower scales. Inflores- cence in a long plume-like chestnut panicle. Sorghastrum, p. 184 * Sweet Vernal Grass. Extensively introduced in fields, etc. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 175 //. Hairs longer than the flower scales. Andropogon, p. 182 cc. Inflorescence not obviously silky. d. Plants low, creeping, flowers in flattened two-ranked spikelets. Eragrostris iiypnoides, p. 238 dd. Plants not creeping. e. Flowers provided with one or more awns hent nearly at right angles and often twisted spirally. f. Awn trifid, usually with the middle branch much longer than the others (which are erect), sometimes all three the same length. Aristida, p. 217 //. Awn single, one on each flower. g. Flowers arranged in 2-7 scattered spikelets, each spikelet subtended by two large glumes. Danthonia, p. 231 gg. Flowers (or spikelets) numerous, in an open or contracted panicle. h. Awn 50 mm. long, seed black, soon dropping. Stipa, p. 219 hh. Awn less than 25 mm. long. i. Spikelets 9 mm. long. [Arrenatherum elatiiis]* ii. Spikelets less than 6 mm. long, y. Leaves flat. SphenopJiolis palustris, p. 230 jj. Leaves involute, bristle form. Deschampsia Hexiiosa, p. 229 ee. Flowers with essentially straight awns or more frequently none at all. /. Inflorescence in a dense cylindrical spike (like timo- thy, barley or wheat). g. With very delicate inconspicuous awns or none. h. Spikes perfectly uniform'ly cylindrical, .5-1 dm. long, 6 mm. in diameter. i. No awns. [Phleum pratense]f ii. Thread-like projecting awns. Alopecurus, p. 222 hh. Spikes less regular, more "chaffy." i. Spikes buff or whitish. y. 20-35 cm. long (coast sand). Amniophila, p. 228 jj. 2-7 dm. long, tips of leaves prolonged into slender, involute bristle-like tips. Sporobolns, p. 222 * Oat grass, an occasional weed. t Timothy, extensively cultivated for hay. 176 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. a. spikes greenish, not over one inch long, plant less than i dm. high. [Aira praecox]X gg. With very conspicuous awns, making the whole spike bristly. h. Spike millet-like, flowers like round seeds at the base of the (often tawny) projecting bristles. Chcctochloa, p. 212 lili. Spikes rye-like, flowers long, spindle-shaped, foliage often bluish green or glaucous. i. Spikes compact. j. Awns 50 mm. long. [Hordeum jubatum]* jj. Awns 12-75 mrn- long. Elynius, p. 245 a. Spikes with flowers scattered in pairs. Hystrix, p. 246 ff. Inflorescence in a dense plume-like contracted or glomerate panicle. g. Panicle 15X5 cm. or larger, purplish, leaves 20-75 mm- wide. li. Long awns, spikelets one-flowered. Echinochloa, p. 212 hh. Not awned spikelets, several flowered. Phragmites, p. 235 gg. Panicle 10-15 X 2-3 cm. green or slightly pur- plish, leaves 12 mm. wide. h. Spikelets one-flowered. i. A small tuft of hairs inside the glumes at the base of the flowers. Calamagrostis cinnoides, p. 227 ii. No tuft at the base of the flowers. Phalaris, p. 216 hh. Spikelets two-flowere ', foliage soft and downy. [Holcus lanatus]\ fff. Inflorescence in an open panicle, branches not at all appressed to the main culm. g. Pistillate flowers above, staminate below, tall marsh grass. Zizania, p. 214 gg. Flowers not separated. h. Spikelets largely sessile and massed on the branches. i. Spikelets one-flowered, y. Much flattened. H omalocenchriis , p. 215 J Hair grass, an occasional weed. * Squirrel-tail grass, an occasional weed. t Meadow soft grass, commonly established in damp meadows. PI. X., Fig. 4. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 177 jj. Ovate not flattened. Panicum, p. 189 a. Spikelets many flowered. Poa, p. 239 hh. Spikelets mainly pedicelled on filiform branches. i. Spikelets one-flowered, y. Much flattened. Homalocenchrus, p. 215 jj. Not conspicuously flattened. k. Panicle very open and diffuse with long filiform branches ; usually equal to 14 or yi the entire height of the plant, flowers more or less "chaffy," often very small. /: Spikelets with long fluxuous hair-Uke terminal appendage. Muhlenhergia capillaris, p. 221 //. Spikelets v/ithout hair-Kke tips. m. Plants glabrous, «. Panicle bluish or gray- ish, erect, spikelets very minute 1.5-2 mm. bog plants. Sporobohis, p. 222 nn. Panicle redish or sil- very white. 0. Spikelets 5 mm. long, a tuft of hairs at the base of the flower. Calanwvilfa, p. 228 00. Spikelets 1.5-3 mri^- no tuft of hair, branches exceed- ingly long and ca- pillary. Agrostis, p. 224 mm. Plants hairy. Panicle green or sHghtly red, coarse weeds. Panicum capillare, p. 195 kk. Panicle with much shorter, stiffer branches, strictly erect, flowers glo- bose or ovate, "seed-like." One glume very short and rudimentary at the base of the spikelet. /. Subterranean straw colored fruits on root-like stems. Anvphicarpon, p. 188 //. No subterranean flowers. T2 MUS Panicum, V- 189 178 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. a. Spikclets several or many-flowered, ob- viously two-ranked and more or less flat- tened. y. Spikelets 12 mm. or more in length. k. Awned. Bromus, p. 244 kk. Not awncd. Pcstuca, p. 243 jj. Spikelets less than 12 mm. in length. k. Panicles more than half the height of the plant or secondary panicles, developing all the way to the base. Eragrosiis, p. 237 kk. Panicles, if more than one, equal in height and less (usually much less) than half the height of the plant. /. Spikelets not over 3 mm. long. Panicularia nervata, p. 241 //. Spikelets over 3 mm. long. m-. Panicle distinctly ma- roon. Tridens Hava, p. 236 mm^ Panicle whitish or straw- color. Panicularia, p. 241 mmnu Panicle green. n. Flowers at the end of capillary drooping branches 50-100 mm. long. Pcstuca nutans, p. 244 nn. Flowers much more crowded on short branches, not over 25 mm. long. Poa, p. 239 ffff. Spikelets (i) in a row or rows on slender branches attached to a main scape to which they are more or less appressed. or from which they branch out pal- mately or fan-like; or (2) arranged in a slender appressed raceme. Spikelets sessile or nearly so. g. Spikelets one flowered. /(. Arranged in closely imbricated, one-sided spikes, which stand out at an angle or are appressed to the main scape. Flowers awned and much flattened. Spartina, p. 232 hh. Arranged on digitate or fan-like spikes. i. Rachis flat or winged, flowers not awned nor scattered. ;. Spikelets flattened, disc-like, ar- ranged in two rows. Paspalum, p. 184 PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 179 jj. Spikelets ovate, not flattened. Syntherisma, p. i88 ii. Flowers awned, scattered, or occupying only the end of the rachis ; rachis not flattened. Gymnopogon, p. 234 hhh. Arranged on short spikes, all closely ap- pressed to the main stem and scarcely over- lapping. i. Awned. Muhlenhergia, p. 211 ii. Not awned. y. Spikelets conspicuously flattened. Homaloccnchrus, p. 215 jj. Spikelets ovate, not flattened. Panicum, p. 189 Iilihh. Arranged in a slender appressed panicle. i. Panicle very slender, but few short branches, all closely appressed, flowers long awned ; awns 18-24 mm. long. Brachyelytrum, p. 221 ii. Panicle of appressed branches, flowers not long awned ; awns, if present, less than 10 mm. y. Culms simple. k. Leaves involute. Panicum amarum, p. 196 kk. Leaves not involute, panicle dense and feathery. /. A tuft of hairs at the base of the flowers within the glumes. Calamagrostis canadensis, p. 227 //. No tuft of hairs. m. Inflorescence whitish or reddish, erect. Agrostis, p. 224 mm. Inflorescence green drooping. Cinna, p. 224 jj. Culms much branched with nu- merous lateral panicles. Muhlenhergia, p. 211 gg. Spikelets two to many flowered. h. Spikes digitate or branching off in a fan-like arrangement from the common stalk. Spike- lets sessile or nearly so. i. Spikelets in two definite rows, contigu- ous. [Eleusine indica]* ii. Spikelets not in two definite rows, scat- tered. Diplachne, p. 237 * Crab grass. A common weed in lawns and about gardens. i8o REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. hh. Spikelets sessile or nearly so in an erect (or sometimes slightly drooping) raceme. i. Spikelets sessile, remote and alternately arranged on the somewhat zig-zag rachis. [Lolium perrenne]i ii. Spikelets numerous, slightly pediceled, some in slender appressed branches, scat- tered along the main culm. y. Leaves bristle-like, inflorescence 7- 10 cm. in length. Fcstiica, p. 243 jj. Leaves flat, inflorescence 7-12 cm. in length. Sphenopholis, p. 229 jij. Leaves flat, inflorescence, 20-25 cm. in length. Uniola laxa, p. 239 in. Spikelets in a dense, erect, appressed spike. j. Spikelets 5-15 mm. long. k. Spike 120 X 25 mm. wide. Panicularia obtusa. p. 241 kk. Spike 35 X 12 mm. Distichlis. p. 239 kkk. Spike 75 X 12 mm. "wheat- like." [Agropyron repens]t jj. Spikelets 2-3 mm. long. Spike 75- X 12 mm. Sphenopholis obtusata, p. 230 an. Spikelets in a somewhat looser but still appressed, often drooping raceme. j. Spikelets 3 mm. long or less. Poa or Puccinellia, pp. 239. 243 //. Spikelets 25 mm. long. Panicularia septentrionalis. p. 242 TRIPSACUM L. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama Grass. Plate VL, Fig. i. Coix dactyloides Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 972. 1753 [America]. Tripsacum dactyloides Nuttall Gen. L 85. 1818. — A. Brown, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club VIL 114. 1880.— Britten 283.— Keller and Brown 30. This large and striking grass with its pecuHar thick and jointed inflorescence is restricted to the coastal strip, extending like other coastal species some distance up the larger rivers. Fl. — Late July to late September. t Ray-grass. A weed in waste and cultivated ground. t Quitch-grass. An occasional weed. PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. i8i Coast Strip. — Monmouth Beach Center (NB), Manahawkin, Ocean City, Clermont, Cape May Court House, Cape May, Fairton. Also four miles north of Egg Harbor City (P), probably an intrusion from the river. CCELORACHIS Brongn. Coelorachis rugosa (Nutt.). Wrinkled Gama Grass. PI. VI., Fig. 2. Rottbcellia rugosa Nuttall, Gen. I. 84. 1818 [Florida]. Manisurus rugosa Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1908, p. 458. This southern species is restricted to the southern part of the Cape May peninsula, w'here it was first detected by Mr. O. H. Brown in August, 1908. Fl. — Mid-August to late September. Cape May. — Bennett. ERIANTHUS Michaux. Key to the Species. a. Awns spirally twisted. E. divaricatus, p. 182 aa. Awns straight. B- saccharoides, p. 181 Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Plume Grass. PI. XV., fig. 2. Erianthus saccharoides Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 55. 1803 [Carolina]. Erianthus alopecuroides Gray Man. Ed. I. 616. 1848. — Willis 77. — Britton 284. — Keller and Brown 31. Erianthus compactus Nash, Bull. Torn Bot. Club XXH. 419. 1895. West Jersey, Cape May County, and rarely in the Pine Barrens and Coast Strip, local. This fine grass, with its ample purplish brown plumes on stalks five feet in height, is one of the handsomest species of the family. It is especially frequent in moist ground along the coast of Cape May County. Fl. — Late August to late September. Middle District.— Be\. Burlington (C), Mickleton, Tomlinsons, Griffith's Swp. (P), Swedesboro (NB). Pine Barrens.— Cedar Lake, Hammonton, Elwood (P), Egg Harbor City (in part coast intrusions). Coast Strip.— Ft. Pleasant (Mck), Palermo. Cape May.— Court House, Cold Spring. i82 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Eriantlius divaricatus (L.)- Spiral-awned Plume Grass. Andropogon divaricatum LiniiiEUS, Sp. PI. 1045. 1753 [North America]. A specimen of this species collected by the late Frank L. Bassett, at Hammonton, is in the U. S. National Herbarinni. I have examined the spot where it is supposed to have been obtained, but found only B. saccharoides. The species is certainly very rare in the State. ANDROPOGON L. Key to the Species. a. Spikes solitary, scattered along the stem. b. Sheaths often greenish, spikelets 5-7 mm. A. scoparius, p. 182 bb. Sheaths always glaucous, spikelets 8-10 mm. A. littoralis, p. 182 aa. Spikes in clusters of two to six. b. Two to six on a long exserted common peduncle, purplish. A. fur cat us, p. 183 bb. Two to three, included in spathe-like sheaths, scattered along the stem. c. Spikes at length exserted, sheaths much inflated. A. elHotii, p. 184 cc. Spikes not exserted. A. virginicus, p. 183 aaa. Inflorescence much branched and congested in a dense cluster. A. corymbosus abbrcviatus, p. 183 Andropogon scoparius Michx. Broom Beard Grass. PI. VIII, fig. 6. Andropogon scoparium Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 57. 1803 [Carolina].— Knieskern 40. — Britton 284. Andropogon purpurascens Barton, Flor. Phil. I. 55. 1818. Common throughout the State, except on the coast dunes, where it is replaced by the next. This species and A. virginicus are the Beard Grasses which cover so many sandy fields with a tufted growth of bufif or purplish stalks, some two feet in height, that persists through the winter. FL — Late July to early October. Middle District. — New Egypt, Brindletown, Hartford, Medford, Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Atco, Pasadena. Andropogon littoralis Nash. Seaside Beard Grass. Andropogon littoralis Nash, Britton's Manual 69. 1901 [Seashore of New York and New Jersey].— Keller and Brown 31. Andropogon maritimus Vasey, Grasses of U. S. 19. 1883. — Watson, Gray's Manual, Ed. 6. 637. 1890. PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 183 Common on the sand dunes of the coast and all over the lower extremity of the Cape May peninsula. F/.— Late August to early October. Maritune.—Sandy Hook (NB), Barnegat City (L), Harvey Cedars (L), Beach Haven (L), Holgate's (L), W'ildwood, Stone Harbor (S), Cape May (S), Cape May Pt. Andropogon corymbosus abbreviatus Hackel. Bushy Beard Grass. PI. VI., fig. 4. Andropogon macroiirus abbreviatus Hackel in DeCandolle Monogr. Phan. VI. 1408. 1889 [New Jersey]. Andropogon macrouriis Barton, Fl. Phila. 56. 1818. — Keller and Brown 31. — Knieskern 40. — Willis yy. — Torrey Fl. U. S. I. 157. 1824. Andropogon glomeratus Britton 284. Common in sandy swamps in the Pine Barrens and locally in the other districts. To the northward it occurs only at South Amboy. The dry, yellowish head-clusters of this grass, supported on their slender stems, are a characteristic feature of the winter swamps. Fl. — ^Late August to late September. Middle District. — Asbury Park (NY), Woodbi^ry, Mickleton, Kaighns Pt. Pine Barrens. — -Brindletown, Forked River, Clementon, Atco, Bear Swamp, Quaker Bridge, Egg Harbor City. Coash Strip. — Surf City (L), Ship Bottom (L), Spray Beach (L). Cape Moy.— Bennett (S), Cold Spring (S). Andropogon virginicus L. Virginia Beard Grass. PL VIII, fig. 8. Andropogon virginicus Linnaeus, Sp. PL 1046. 1753 [America — prob. Vir- ginia]. — Knieskern 40. — Britton 284. Dry ground, common throughout our region and rather less frequent in the northern counties. Fl. — Mid-August to late September. Middle District.— L\ndenv^o\6. (S), Taunton (S), Mickleton, Albion, Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Egg Harbor City. Coast 5';r//'.— Barnegat City (L), N. Beach Haven (L), Surf City (L), Spray Beach (L), Wildwood (HA). Cape May.— Bennett (S), Cold Spring (S), Cape May (S), Cape May Pt. (S), Town Bank (S). i84 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY vSTATE MUSEUM. Andropogon furcatus Mulil. Forked Beard Grass. Andropogon furcatus "Muhlenberg," Willdenow Sp. PI. IV. 919. 1806 [North America — prob. Penna.]. — Knieskern 40. Andropogon provincialis Britton 284. Northern New Jersey, extending locally into the Middle dis- trict and recurring in the lower Cape May peninsula. PL — Late July to late September. Middle District.— Tracy's (C), Manchester (C), Bordcntown (H), Grif- fith's Swamp, Mickleton (H), Swedesboro. Cape May.— Cold Spring (OHB). Andropogon elliottii Chapman. Elliott's Beard Grass. Andropogon Elliottii Chapman, Fl. S. States. 581. i860 [Florida to N Carolina]. — Long, Bartonia II. 18. 1910. Confined to the southern part of the Middle district ; originally discovered in the State by Charles D. Lippincott at Swedesboro September 2, 1894. Fl. — Early September into October or even November. Middle District. — Woodbury, Swedesboro, Sharptown. Cape May. — Town Bank. SORGHASTRUM Nash. Sorghastrum nutans (L.), (Michx.). Indian Grass. PI. XL, fig. I. Andropogon nutans Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1045. 1753 [Virginia]. Andropogon avenaceus Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 54. 1818. Sorghum nutans Knieskern 40. Chrysopogon nutans Britton 284. Dry soil frequent throughout, except in the Pine Barrens, where it is rare or casual. Fl. — Mid- August to mid-September. Middle District. — New Egypt, Griffith's Swamp, Orchard (S), Mickleto.i, Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Pasadena, Landisville, Hammonton, Ab. Tuckahoe (S). Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Anglesea (UP). Cape May.— Cold Spring (S), Cape May (OHB). PASPALUM L. Key to the Species. a. Rachis membranaceous, broader than the spikelets. Plant decumbent or floating in water. P. dissectum, p. 185 aa. Rachis narrower than the spikelets. b. Culm simple, racemes stout. PDANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 185 c. Spikelets 4 mm. in longest diameter. P. glabratum, p. 185 cc. Spikelets 3 mm. long or less. d. Plant with dense long pubescence on sheats and blades. P. plenipilum, p. 186 dd. Plant glabrous. e. Racemes 3-5 cm. long, leaf-blades 1-2 cm. P. lave, ee. Racemes 8-10 cm. long, leaf-blades, 2-4 cm. P. I. longifolium, p. 186 ddd. Plant slightly pubescent below. e. Racemes as in P. Iseve. P. I. australe, p. 186 ee. Racemes long. P. I. circulare, p. 187 bb. Culm branched above, with several lateral racemes, leaves pubescent. r. Plants erect, with longer leaves. d. Spikelets 1.5. mm. long, pubescent. P. setaceum, p. 187 dd. Spikelets 2 mm. long, glabrous. e. Culm glabrous. P. muhlenbergii, p. 187 ee. Culm densely pubescent, just below the raceme. P. pubescens, p. 187 cc. Plants prostrate, with shorter leaves, spikelets 2 mm. long, pubes- cent. P. psammophilum, p. 186 Paspalum dissectum L. Walter's Paspalum. Paspalum dissectum Linnjeus, Sp. PI. 57. 1753 [America]. Paspalum nienibranacenni Keller and Brown 32. Paspalum Walterianum Gray Manual, Ed. V. 645. 1867. — Britton 279. This southern species was first discovered in New Jersey by Thomas Nuttall, who found it at Cape May. AUhough it has not, so far as I am aware, been found there since, it has been col- lected at several points in the southwestern part of the State. It occurs in low wet grounds, often on the bottoms of dried-up woodland pools. Fl. — Mid-September into October. Middle District.— C\2irkshoro, Mickleton (NB), Pennsgrove (NB), Woods- town, Riddleton. Cape Mo:y.— Cape May (C).* Paspalum glabratum (Engelm.). Engelmann's Paspalum.f PI. XII., Fig. 6. Paspalum Horidanum glabratum "Engelm." Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:20. 1892 [N. Carolina, Texas and Arkansas]. * Reported from Landisville in Britton's Catalogue on authority of C. A. Gross, but no specimen was found in his herbarium. As the work is going through the press Mr. O. H. Brown reports its re- discovery at Cape May. ^ Paspalum difforme is recorded from New Jersey by Hitchcock and Chase in the new Gray's Manual, but Mrs. Chase informs me that the specimen came from the ballast ground at Camden, so that it is obviously not native. i86 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Paspalum glabratum Keller and Brown 32. — Stone Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1907. 458.— Stone Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1908. 458. This is another southern species discovered at Cape May in 1 89 1, by several members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club. It is the largest of our Paspalums and does not range north of lower Cape May County. Ft. — Early August to late September. Coast Strip. — Anglesea (NB). Cape May. — Cold Spring, Cape May.* Paspalum plenipilum Nash. Long-haired Paspalum. Paspalum plenipilum Nash, Britton's Manual y2,. 1901 [New Jersey]. Rather frequent in the Cape May and lower Coast districts. Fl. — Late July to late September or into October. Coast Strip. — Absecon. Cape May. — Court House, Green Creek. Paspalum psammophilum Nash. Prostrate Paspalum. Paspalum psauuiiophihtm Nash, Britton's Manual 73. 1901 [New Jersey]. Dry ground in the Middle and Pine Barren districts. This species, like several others of recent date, was clearly differentiated by the late Charles E. Smith some fifty years ago as shown by notes accompanying specimens in his herbarium. Unfortunately he never put his views into print. Fl. — Late July into October. Middle District. — Delanco, Lindenwold, Medford (S), Swedesboro, Mill- ville. Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Speedwell (S), Twelfth St. Folsom. Coast Strip. — Seaside Park. Paspalum laeve australe (Nash.). Southern Paspalum. Paspalum australe Nash, Britton's Manual 1039. 1901 [Stone Mt., Georgia], Frequent in the Cape May and lower Coast districts. Fl. — Late July to late September or into October. Coast Strip. — Palmero. Cape May.— Cold Spring. Paspalum laeve angustlfolium (LeConte.). Narrow-leaved Paspalum. PI. XII., fig. 5- Paspalum angustifolium Le Conte, Jour, de Phys. XCI : 285. 1820 [Caro- lina]. * Collected Sept. 16, 1882, by C. F. Parker, and labeled P. Iceve in his her- barium at Princeton. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 187 Erequent except in the Pine Barren district. All of our glabrous Paspalums seem to be referable to this form. The short-spiked P. Iccve has not yet been collected within our limits. Fl. — Late July to late September or into October. Middle District. — Braddock's ]\Iill, Mickleton. Coast Strip. — Palermo. Cape May. — Cold Spring, Dias Creek. Paspalum Iseve circulare (Nash.). Paspalum circulare Nash, Britton's Manual 73. 1901 [R. I. to Ky. and Mo.; south to Fla. and Tex.]. Occasional in the Coast strip. Fl. — Late July to late September or into October. Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Palermo. Paspalum pubescens Muhl. Pubescent Paspalum. Paspalum picbescens Muhlenberg, Gram. 92. 1817 [Pennsylvania]. Paspalum ciliatifoliitm Muhlenberg, Gram. 93. 1817 [N. J. references]. — Torrey Flora U. S. L, 75- 1824. Frequent or occasional throughout our region in dry sandy ground. Fl. — Mid-August into October. Middle District. — Tomlin, Dividing Creek. Pine 5an-^w.y.— Ballinger's Mill (S), Pancoast (S), Ocean City Jnc. Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Sherburn's (L). Paspalum muhlenbergii Nash. Muhlenberg's Paspalum. Paspalum Muhlenbergii Nash, Britton's Manual 75. 1901 [Massachusetts]. Frequent on the coast and very rare in the Pine Barrens. Fl. — Early August into October. Pine Barrens. — Albion. Coast Strip.— Bay Head. Manahawkin, Palermo, Tuckahoe, Cold Spring. Paspalum setaceum Michx. Slender Paspalum. Paspalum setaceum Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 43. 1803 [So. Carolina].— Bar- ton Fl. Phila. I. 52. 1818.— Knieskern 39.— Britton 279. This is the most plentiful of the small fruited Paspalums occurring in dry ground throughout the State. Fl. — .Early July into October. Middle District.— New Egypt, Hornerslown, Washington Park (S), Lin- denwold (S), Swedesboro. i88 REPORT O]^ NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUxM. Pine Barrens. — Toms River (McK), Whitings, Forked River, Pasadena, Speedwell, Landisvillc (T), Batsto (S), Egg Harbor City, Twelfth St.. Fol- som, Pancoast, Palermo, Middletown. Coast 5/n>.— Manahawkin, Barnegat City (L), Surf City (L), St. Albans (L), Shcrburn's (L). Cape May. — South Dennis, Court House, Cold Spring, Cape May. AMPHICARPON Rafinesque. Amphicarpon amphicarpon (Pursh.) Pursh's Millet Grass. PL VHL, fig. I. Milium amphicarpon Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 62, pi. 2. 1814 [New Jersey, near Egg Harbor].— Torrey Flora N. Y. 15. 1819.— Torrey Flora U. S. I. 77- 1824. Milium ciliatuin Muhlenberg Gram. 77. 181 7. Amphicarpon Ptirsliii Knieskern 39. — Britton 279. — Keller and Brown 32. This curious grass, originally discovered by Frederick Pursh "near Egg Harbor" (probably = Beesley's Point), does not range north of the New Jersey Pine Barrens, nor has it been found in the western part of the State beyond the limits of this region. It is plentiful in damp sandy soil among the Pines, and grows profusely in the damp sand thrown up into dykes around the cranberry bogs. The peculiarity of this grass lies in the production of sub- terranean fruits scattered among the slender roots, in addition to the Panicum-like spike of normal seeds, which is conspicuous above ground. PI. — Early August to mid-September. Pine Barrens. — ^Toms River (McK), Manchester (NB), Lakehurst, Brown's Mills, Waretown, Five miles so. New Egypt, West Creek (S), Speedwell (S), Winslow, Crowleytown, Egg Harbor City, Twelfth St. Folsom. Cape Mcy.— Bennett, Cape May Pt. (OHB). SYNTHERISMA Waiter. Key to the Species. a. Rachis broadly winged. b. Plant glabrous. [S. linearis]* bh. Plant hirsute. [S. sangiiinalis]'\ aa. Rachis not winged. S. Uliformis, p. 189 * Small crab-grass, a weed about gardens, etc. t Large crab-grass, an abundant weed everywhere in cultivated and waste ground. Grov/s luxuriantly on the sandy ground back of the coast dunes, creeping culms reaching a length of six or eight feet; seems like a native in such locations. PLIANTS OF SOUTHERN NEAV JERSEY. 189 Syntherisma filiformis (L.)- Slender Finger-grass. PI. VII, Fig. 6. Panicuni Uliformae Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 57. 1753 [North America]. Panicunt Uliforme Kneiskern 39. — Britton 279. Digitaria pilosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 70. 1814. Frequent in dir}^ sandy soil throughout our region and re- ported from only two stations in the northern counties. This native finger-grass may be distinguished from the intro- duced species so common on roadsides, fields and grass plots, by its slender erect habit. The Large and Small Crab grass S. sanguinalis and S. linearis are coarse and more or less pros- trate ; the former is a very abundant weed along the coast, trail- ing over the sand hills and appearing like a native plant. Fl. — Late July to mid-September. Middle District.^New Egypt, Pladdonfield (S), Griffith's Swamp, Medford (S), Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Clementon, Swedesboro (S). Coast Strip. — St. Albans (L), Beach Haven (L), Peahala (L), Sherburn'-? (L), Ocean City. Cape May.— Cold Spring (OHB), Cape May (S), Cape May Pt. PANICUM L. Flowering and Fruiting Data. — Dates given cover the period of both primary and secondary panicles. In most species they follow one another so closely as to leave no appreciable time when, the plant is not in flower or fruit. Key to the Species.*- a. Annual. b. Inflorescence, a more or less diffuse panicle. c. Spikelets tuberculate. Panicum verrucosum, p. 194 cc. Spikelets not tuberculate. d. First glume not more than one-quarter the length of the spike- let. P- dicJwtomitlorum, p. i95 dd. First glume one-half the length of the spikelet. e. Panicle more than half the total height of the plant. P. capillare, p. 195 ee. Panicle not more than half the height of the plant. P. pliiladelphicum, p. 195 * Adapted from Hitchcock and Chase. Practically all the specimens listed beyond were identified by these authors when engaged upon their mono- graph. Additional South Jersey localitiese given in this work are quoted in lists of localities and credited to "H. & C." I90 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. aa. Perennial. b. Spikek'ts short pcdicellcd along one side of the rachis, forming spike- like racemes. P. hcmitomon, p. 194 bb. Spikelets in open, rarely contracted panicles. c. Basal leaves different from culm leaves, usually forming winter rosettes. d. Spikelets glabrous. e. Spikelets 3mm. or more long, strongly nerved. /. Spikelets pointed, blades elongated. P. depanperatum, p. 198 /'/. Spikelets blunt, blades not elongated, 3.2-3.3 mm. ; long sheaths or some of them hispid. P. scribnerianiun, p. 209 ee. Spikelets less than 3mm. long. /. Second glume and sterile lemma exceeding the fruit and pointed beyond it, spikelets 2.2-2.9 mm. long. g. Spikelets elliptic, fruit 2 mm. long. P. aculeatum, p. 210 gg. Spikelets ovate, broadest below the middle, 2 mm. or less. h. Sheaths (at least the secondary) hispid. P. scabriusculum, p. 210 hh. Sheaths glabrous. P. cryptanthiim, p. 210 ff. Second glume and sterile lemma, not pointed beyond the fruit. g. Ligule 2-:^ mm. long. P. sprcium, p. 202 gg. Ligule obsolete. h. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long or less. i. Nodes bearded. P. microcarpon, p. 200 ii. Nodes not bearded. j. Spikelets 1.5-1.6 mm. blades 50-80 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide. P. caerulescens, p. 200 ij. Spikelets i. 2-1.4 mm., blades not over. 30 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide. P. ensif olium , p. 207 //;'. Spikelets 2mm. long or more. k. Culms soon prostrate, vine-like, branches divaricate. P. lucidum, p. 200 kk. Culms not vine-like, branches not divaricate. /. Nodes glabrous ; autum.ial form upright. P. dichotomiini, p. 199 //. Nodes, at least the lowest, usually bearded, autumnal form, top-heavy and reclining. P. barbulatmn, p. 200 PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 191 dd. Spikelets pubescent. e. Spikelets 3 mm. or more long. /. Blades elongated leaves 2-5 mm. wide. P. depauperatuiu, p. 198 ff. Blades not elongated. g. Nodes bearded, leaves 15-30 mm. wide. P. boscii, p. 211 gg. Nodes not bearded. h. Sheaths glabrous. i. Spikelets 3.5-3-8 mm. long. P. latifoliuin, p. 211 a. Spikelets 3 mm. long. P. cornmiitafum, p. 208 hh. Sheaths pubescent. i. Pubescence appressed, spikelets 3.5-4- P. oligosanthcs, p. 209 ii. Pubescence spreading, y. Blades 20 mm. wide. P. clandestinmn, p. 211 ij. Blades 6-12 mm. wide. P. scrinerianiim, p. 209 ce. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long. /. Blades elongated. P. linearifolium, p. 198 ff. Blades not elongated. g. Spikelets attenuated at the base. h. Autumnal blades flat, blades 80-120 X 4-8 mm. P. angtistifoliutn, p. 199 hh. Autumnal blades involute, blades 40-60 X 2-5 mm. P- acicularc, p. 199 gg. Spikelets not attenuated at base. h. Ligule manifest 1-5 mm. long. i. Sheaths glabrous. ;. Panicle narrow YA-Vi as wide as long. P. spretum, p. 202 jj. Panicle open nearly as wide as long. P. lindheimeri, p. 202 ii. Sheaths pubescent. j. Ligule 1-1.5 mm. long, culms and sheaths appressed pubescent. k. Spikelets 1.8-1.9 mm. long, plant bluish green. P. tsugetoriim, p. 206 kk. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, nearly gla- brous, plant olivaceous. P. oricola, p. 204 ;■;. Ligule 2-5 mm. long. k. Spikelets 1-1.3 mm. long, culm and sheath soft appressed pubescent. /. Spikelets 1.2-1.3 mm. long. P. leucothrix, p. 202 192 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. //. Spikelets not ovtT i mm. long. P. zvt'ightianum, p. 201 kk. Spikelets more than 1.5 mm. long. /. Spikelets not over 2 mm. long. m. Plant grayish, velvety pubes- cent. P. lanuginosum, p. 204 mm. Plant pubescent, but not vel- vety. n. Upper surface of blade glabrous. P. tennesseense, p. 203 nn. Upper surface of blade pubescent. 0. Spikelets 1.3-1.5 mm. long, blade long, pi- lose above. P. meridionale, p. 203 00. Spikelets 1.6-2 mm. long, blade appressed, pubescent above. P. huacliuca, p. 203 //. Spikelets 2.2 mm. or more. nt. Pubescence on culm horizon- tal, spreading. P. villosissimum, p. 204 mm. Pubescence on culms ap- pressed. P. pseudopubesccns , p. 205 kh. Ligule obsolete or less than i mm. long. i. Nodes bearded. /. Spikelets 1.5-1.6 mm. long. P. microcarpon, p. 200 jj. Spikelets 2.2 or more. P. clutei, p. 201 ii. Nodes not bearded. P. mattamuskeetense, p. 201 /. Plants densely gray velvety throughout, a viscid ring below the nodes. P. scopariiim, p. 209 jj. Plants not gray velvety. k. Some sheaths pilose or hispid. /. Pubescence papillose hispid, m. Spikelets 2.3-2.6, pointed. P. scabriusciilum, p. 210 mm. Spikelets obovate, obtuse, 3 mm. long. P. clandestinum, p. 211 //. Pubescence ascending pilose. m. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. n. Spikelets 2.4 mm. long. P. cpmmonsianum, p. 205 PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 193 nn. Spikelets 2-2.1 mm. long. P. c. addisoni, p. 205 mm. Spikelets not over 1.3-1.4 mm. long, nearly globular. P. columbianunt thiniuni, p. 207 kk. Sheaths glabrous or pubescent only. /. Spikelets globular. 1.8 mm. long, blades cordate, ciliate at the base. m. Panicle as broad as long. P. sphccrocarpoHj p. 207 fiiin. Panicle narrow, more than % as broad as long. P. polyanthes, p. 208 //. Spikelets not globular. m. Culms prostrate and vine- like, branches divaricate, spikelets not over 2.1 mm. long. P. lucidum, p. 200 mm. Not vine-like nor divaricate. n. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long. 0. Blades rarely more than 10 mm. broad, culms crisp puberu- lent. P. asJiei, p. 208 00. Blades usually 1.5 or more in width, culms glabrous. P. commutatum, p. 208 nn. Spikelets not over 2.3 mm. long. P. cliitei, p. 201 mm. Spikelets not over 1.7 mm. long. o. Culms conspicuously puberulent, spikelets turgid. P. columbianttm, v. 206 00. Culms glabrous. P. ensifolium, p. 207 cc. Basal leaves not different from those of the culm. d. With creeping scaly root stocks, spikelets long pedicelled, not secund, in open or contracted panicle. e. Panicle diffuse. /. Panicle open, spikelets 3.5-S mm. long, beaked. P. virgatum, p. 196 ff. Panicle more or less contracted, 3,2 mm. long, not beaked. P. v. cubense, p. 196 ee. Panicle contracted, seashore species. P. amarum, p. 196 dd. Not forming a creeping scaly rootstock. 13 MUS 194 REPORT OK NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. e. Rootstocks present, culms but little compressed, spikelets set obliquely on their appressed pedicels. P. anceps, p. 198 ee. Root stocks none, culm strongly compressed, spikelets not obliquely arranged. /. Ligules ciliate, basal leaves half the length of the culm, panicle longer than the upper leaves. P. longifoliuui, p. 197 //. Ligules not ciliate, basal leaves in short tufts, upper leaves about equaling the panicle. g. Fruit stipitatc, spikelets 2.5-2.8 mm. long, secund. P. stipitatum, p. 197 gg. Fruit not stipitate, spikelets not secund. h. Spikelets 1.8-2 mm. long, branches ascending or spreading. P. agrostoidcs, p. 196 hh. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long, branches ascending, dense. P. condensum, p. 197 Panicum hemitomon Schultes. Narrow Panic-Grass.* Panicum Jiemitomon Schultes, Mant. II. 227. 1824 [n. n. for P. walteri Muhl.=:Ell. from near Savannah]. Brachiaria digitarioides Stone, Bartonia II., p. 26, 1910. This is another southern species restricted to wet swamps in the southwestern portion of the Cape May peninsula. It was discovered in August, 1909, by Mr. O. H. Brown. In Torrcya 1907, p. 39, the writer erroneously recorded this grass from Cape May county, the specimens proving to be Pani- cum condensum Nash, (see Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1908, p. 458). The same error was made by Keller and Brown, Flora of Philadelphia, 1905, p. 33. Fl. — Late June to late July (apparently). Cape May. — Bennett. Cape May. Panicum verrucosum Muhl. Warty Panic Grass. Panicum verrucosum Muhlenberg, Gram. 113. 1817 [New Jersey.]. — Brit- ton 281. — Keller and Brown ^i^. Sandy swamps ; common throughout the Pine Barrens and frequent in the lower part of the Middle district. This is a characteristic south Jersey grass distinguished from all the other members of the genus by the minute tubercles on the spikelets. Fl. — Early August to late September. * In the genus Panicum a number of New Jersey records published in "The North American Species of Panicum" by Hitchcock and Chase (Contr. from the U. S. Nat. Herb. vol. 15, 1910), are cited and marked H. & C. PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 195 Middle District— 'Pish House, Woodbury (C), Washington Park (S), Westville, Tomlin, Mickleton, Swedesboro, Salem (S), Dividing Creek. Pine Barrens.—Sea Bright (NB), Manchester (NB), Lakehurst, Forked River, Bamber, Speedwell, Bear Swamp, Clementon, Atsion, Egg Harbor City, Landisville, Tuckahoe (S), Pancoastville (T). Cape May. — Court House, Clermont. Panicum capillare L. Witch Grass. PI. IX., fig. 3. Panicum capillare Linnaeus, Sp. PL 58. 1753 [Virginia and Jamaica].— Britton 281. Common throughout, except in the Pine Barrens. Whatever the original habitat of this grass may have been, it is now essen- tially a weed abounding in cultivated and waste ground, with little to remind one of its native origin. Fl. — Late August to latj September. Panicum piiiiadeiphicum Bernh. Wood Witch Grass. Panicum philadelphicum Bernhardi, in Nees Fl. Bras. 198. 1829 [Phila- delphia]. Dry ground, edges of woods, etc., in the Middle and Cape May districts. A more delicate ally of the preceding. Fl. — Mid-August to mid-September, Middle District. — Medford, Swedesboro, Riddleton. Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst (H&C), Sea Isle Jnc. Cape Afai-.— Wildwood Jnc. (OHB), Cold Spring. Panicum dichotomifiorum Michx. Spreading Panic Grass. Panicum dichotomiliortim Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. L 48. 1803 [Alleghany Mts.]. Panicum proliferum Britton, 281. Wet places ; common along the larger streams of the Middle district and the salt marshes of the coast; only casually reported from the northern counties. Fl. — Mid-July to early October. Middle District.— Vr&t\io\A (H&C), Fish House (S), Camden, Westville, W. Deptford, Swedesboro. Coast Strip.— Deal (P), Cox's, Spray Beach (L), Barnegat City (L). Cape May.— Cold Spring (S), Cape May (OHB). 196 RErORT OF NEW JERvSEY vSTATE ^lUSEUM. Panicum virgatum L. Broom-like Panic Grass. PI. IX, Fig. 2. Panicum virgatum Linnjeus, Sp. PI. 59. 1753 [Virginia]. — Britton 282. Abundant along the salt mars'hes and the Delaware and other large rivers; only casual elsewhere and probably introduced. Fl. — Mid-Julv to mid-September. Middle District.— Nqw Egypt, Fish House, Camden (H&C), Kaighns Pt., Swcdcsboro, Salem, Beaver Dam. Pine Barrens. — Speedwell (S), Landisville, Winslow (S), Hammonton. Coast Strip. — Sandy Hook, Pt. Pleasant, Seaside Park, Forked River, Ship Bottom (L), Beach Haven (L), Barnegat City (L), Spray Beach (L), Longport (S), Ocean City (S), Stone Harbor (S), Five-Mile Beach. Cape May. Panicum virgatum cubense Griseb. Cuban Panic Grass. Panicum virgatum cubense Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cub. 233. 1866 [Hanabana Cuba]. • Similar situations to the preceding. The majority of the specimens examined, however, are from farther inland, cither in the Pine Barrens or Middle district. Fl. — Early Ji-ily to early September. Middle District. — Lindenwold. Burlington. Pine Barrens. — Hanover, Pasadena, Atsion (H&C), Egg Harbor City, Island Heights. Panicum amarum Ell. Beach Panic Grass. Panicum amarum Elliot, Bot. S. C. and Ga., I. 121. 1817 [South Caro- lina]. — Keller and Brown 36. Panicum amarum var minor Britton 282. Sea beaches frequent ; extending up the bay shore at least as far as Town Bank. Fl. — Early September to late October. Maritime.— S>andy Hook, Long Branch, Seaside Park, Barnegat City (L), St. Albans (L), Holgate's (L), Ocean City, Holly Beach (UP). Cape May, Cape May Point. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Agrostls-like Panic Grass. Panicum agrostoides Sprengel, PI. Pugill II.: 4. 1815 [Pennsylvania].— Britton 281. IVToist Open ground ; common in the northern counties and casual southward in the Middle district. Fl. — Mid-July to early September. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 197 Middle District — Clemenlon, Swedesboro, Dividing Creek. Pine Barrens. — Atsion (H&C), Landisville. Panicum stipitatum Nash. Long Panic Grass. Panicum stipitatum Nash., Britton's Manual 83. New name for P. elongatum Pursh nee Salisb. [New Jersey to N. Carohna]. fMoist, sandy, open ground in the lower part of the Middle district; not very common. Fl. — Mid-July to early September. Middle District. — Delair, Camden (H&C), Washington Park, Moorestown, Medford (S), Mickleton, Tomlin, Swedesboro (CDL). Panicum condensum Nash. Clustered Panic Grass. PI. XII., Fig. I. Panicum condensum Nash, in Small's Southern Flora. 93. [South Carolina and Florida]. Brachiaria digitarioides Kelkr and Brown 33. — Stone Torreya 1907, 39 [See Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1908, 458]. Usually in shallow water, swamps and ditches, southern part of the Cape May peninsula. First found September i, 1902, at Peermont, by the writer, and erroneously recorded as Brachiaria digitariodes (see synon- omy). Fl. — Early August to late September. Coast Strip.— HoWy Beach, Piermont (S). Cape May. — ^Cold Spring. Panicum longifoiium Torr. Long-leaved Panic Grass. PL VII., Fig. 5- Panicum longifoiium- Torrey, Fl. V. S. 149- 1824 [Pine Barrens of New Jersey]. Panicum anceps Britton 281 (in part). Sandy swamps throughout our region, except the upper part of the Middle district; probably most common in the Pine Bar- rens and along the western border of the coast marshes. Dis- covered in New Jersey in 1819 by Jarnes Goldie, a Scottish botanist, who travelled and collected here at that time. PI — Early August to mid-September. 198 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Middle District. — Washington Park (S), Lindenwold (S). Pine Barrens. — Pt. Pleasant (S), New Lisbon, Manchester (P), Forked River, Waretown, Manahawkin, Bear Swamp (S), Speedwell (S), Clomcn- ton, Wiliiamstown Jnc, Jackson (P), Ancora (P), Cedar Brook, Parkdale (S), Atsion (H&C), Egg Harbor City, Mays Landing (S), Absecon (S), Folsom 1 2th St., Woodbine, Palermo (S). Cape May. — Dias Creek, Bennett, Cold Spring (S). Panicum anceps Michx. Beaked Panic Grass. Panicum anceps Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. L 48. 1803 [Carolina]. — Britton 281 (in part). Moist open ground, Middle and Cape May districts ; not very common. Apparently neither this or the preceding occur in the northern counties. Fl. — Late July to early September. Middle District. — New Egypt, Bordentown, Locust Grove, Medford, Mickle- ton (H), Woodstown (P). Cape May.— Court House, Cape May (OHB). Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved Panic Grass. Panicum depauperatum Muhlenberg, Gram. 112. 1817 [Pennsylvania]. — Britton 279. Dry sandy or rocky ground throughout the State, except in the Pine Barrens, where it is rare and perhaps introduced. PI. — Late May to late July. Middle District.— Parmingdale, Allaire, New Egypt (C), Delanco, River- side, Hainesport, Pensauken, Browns Mills, Lawnside (S), Mickleton, Gren- loch, Tomlin, Franklinville (P), Almonessen, Swedesboro, Bridgeton, Millville. Pine Barrens.— Toms River (S), Whitings, Waretown, Pen Bryn (S), Atco, Wiliiamstown Jnc, Newfield, Landisvillc (T), Inskip. Cape May.— Cape May (OHB). Panicum linearifolium Scribner. Linear-leaved Panic Grass. Panicum linearif olium Scribner, Britton and Brown's 111. Flora HL : 500 f. 268a. June, 1898 ["Washington, D. C," prob=:Md.]. Very rare ; only reported from one station within our limits, where it was collected by Mr. C. L. Pollard, 1897. Coast 5fn>.— Wildwood (H&C). PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 199 Panicum aciculare Desv. Bristling Panic Grass. Panicum aciculare "Desv" Poir, in Lamark Encycl. Suppl. 4 : 274. 1816 [S. E. United States]. Dry sandy ground in the southern part of the Cape May peninsula, where it reaches the northern limit of its range. First found in the State by the writer on June 30, 1909, near Cold Spring. PL — Late June to late September. Cape May.— Cold Spring (S), Bennett, Fishing Creek (OHB). Panicum angustifolium Ell. Narrow-leaved Panic Grass. Panicum angustifolium Elliot, Bot. S. C. and Ga. I.: 129. 1816 [Florida]. Dry sandy ground in the southern part of the Cape May peninsula, where it was discovered by Mr. O. H. Brown, Septem- ber, 1909, extending the range north from Frankford, Delaware. The specimen labelled from "the Schuylkill River below Reading, Pa.," in the Philadelphia Academy Herbarium, while undoubt- edly this species must have been mislabeled or introduced at that station, as the locality is so completely out of its proper habitat. Its chance introduction by canal boats is easily possible. Fl. — Late June to late September (probably). Cape May. — Green Creek. Panicum dichotomum L. Forked Panic Grass. Fl. IX., Fig. I. Panicum dichotomum Linnaeus, Sp. PL 58. 1753 [Virginia]. — Britten 280. A Species of dry woodland not particularly abundant in our region, but probably more characteristic of the Middle district than of the Pine Barrens. In the latter it is found mostly along the cleared strip of ground bordering the railroads from which the undergrowth is constantly cut away as a precaution against the spread of forest fires, and where various dry ground Pani- cums flourish luxuriantly. That some of them owe their presence to the railroads I have little doubt. Fl. — Early June to mid- July. Middle District.— MickWxoT^, Sicklerville (S), Yorktown (S). Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Pancoast (S). Cape May. — Court House. 200 Rl'.PORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Panicum caerulescens Hack. Bluish Panic Grass. Panicum cccrulcsccns "Hack'" Hitchcock Contr. Nat. Herb. XH. 219. 1909 [IMiami,, Fla.]. Vicinity of Cold Spring, Cape May Co., the northern limit of the species; collected June 30, 1909, by the writer. Fl. — Late June to Cape May.— Co\A Spring (S). Panicum barbulatum Michx. Large-fruited Barbed Panic Grass. Panicum barhuiatum Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 49. 1803 [Carolina]. This has the same distribution as P. dichotomum, occurrinc^ in the Pine Barrens under the same conditions. Fl. — Early June to mid-July. Middle District.— ^ooAhury, Medford (S), Clementon (S), Bridgeton (S;. Pine Barrens. — Pancoast, Dennisville (S). Cape May. — Court House, Bennett. Panicum iucidum Ashe. Sphagnum Panic Grass. Panicum Iucidum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch., Sci. Soc. XV. 47. 1898 [Lake Mattamuskeet, N. C.]. — Keller and Brown 36. Panicum sphagnicola Nash, Brit. Man. Ed. I. 85. Plentiful in bogs in the Pine Barrens and Cape May region, and less abundant in the Middle district. Fl. — Mid-June to mid-August. Middle District. — Farmingdale, Grenloch, Tomlin, Lawnside (S), Beaver Dam (S). Pine Barrens. — Allaire, Lakehurst, Davenport, Forked River, Coxe's, Bamber, Speedwell, Chatsworth, High Bridge (S), Atsion (H&C), Vine- land (S), Folsom I2th St., Pancoast, Tuckahoe (S), Palermo. Coast Strip. — Anglesea, Wildwood. Cape May. — Court House, Dias Creek, Cold Spring. Panicum microcarpon Muhl. Barbed Panic Grass. Panicum microcarpon "Muhlenberg," Elliot Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1816 [Georgia]. Panicum barbulatum Keller and Brown 36. fPanicum nitidnm var. ramnlosuni Torrey, Flora Nor. U. S. 146. 1824. — [Quaker Bridge, N. J.]. Damp shaded spots ; apparently common except in the Pine Barrens. Fl. — ^Mid-June to mid-xA.ugust. PljANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 201 Middle District. — Shark River, Farmingdale, Allaire (S), Pt. Pleasant (S). New Egypt, Birmingham, Fish House, Medford (S), Ballinger's Mill, Lawn- side, Albion, Clementon, Sickl-erville, Swedesboro, Yorktown, Riddleton, West of Vineland (S). Coast Strip.— Palermo, Peermont (S), Avalon, Wildwood. Cape May. — South Dennis (S), Court House. Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe. Mattamuskeet Panic Grass. Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. XV. 45. 1898 [Lake Mattamuskeet, N. C.]. Differs from the next only in its greater pubescence; possibly not distinct, in which case all the specimens will be known by the present name, which is the older. The only specimen that seems to belong here is one collected by Mr. Stewardson Brown at Anglesea, Cape May Co., in 1897. Fl. — ]\Iid-June to early August. Coast Strip. — Anglesea. Panicum clutel Nash. Clute's Panic Grass. Panicum clutei Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, p. 569. 1899 [Tuckerton to Atsion, N. J.]. An abundant and easily recognized grass of damp spots in the Pine Barrens and Cape May region, and occurring here and there in the Middle district also. Fl. — Mid- June to early August. Middle District.— Como, Farmingdale, New Egypt, 3 miles west of Cam- den, Griffith's Swamp, Lawnside, Kirkwood, Yorktown, Centerton, Dividing Creek. Pine Barrens.— AlWire, Pt. Pleasant, Toms River, Lakehurst, two miles south New Egypt, Bamber, Pasadena, Manahawkin, Tuckerton, Speedwell (S), Chatsworth, White Horse, Bear Swamp (S), Ballinger's Mills, Clem- enton, Albion, Sicklerville, Ancora, Landisville, Winslow Jnc, Pancoast, Millville. Cape May. — Bennett, Court House (S). Panicum wrightianum Scribn. Wright's Panic Grass. Panicum Wrightianum Scribner, Bull. XL Div. Agrost. U. S. Dept. Agr. 44. 1898 [Biloxi, Miss.].— Stone, Bartonia H., p. 29, 1910. Bogs of southern Cape May County. This beautiful little Panicum, distinguished from all our other species by the extremely minute spikelets, was discovered near Bennett, June 30, 1909, by the writer in company with several 202 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club. It had not been recorded previously from north of North Carolina. Fl. — Late June to late September. Cape May. — Bennett. Panicum spretunn Schultes. Eaton's Panic Grass. Paniciim sprctum Schultes, Mant. II. 248. 1824 [New England]. Panicum paucipihim Nash, Bull. Torr. Dot. Club, p. 573. 1899 [Wildwood, N. J.]. Plentiful in bogs and wet swamps in the Pine Barren and Cape May districts. The types of P. paitcipilum were collected by Mr. E. P. Bicknell, May 30, 1897, ^^ Wildwood, N. J. Specimens from Lakehurst differ in having the spikelets more elongated, but are regarded as inseparable by Hitchcock and Chase. Fl. — Late June to early August. Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Bamber, Chatsworth, Bear Swamp, Winslow, Atsion (H&C), Belleplaine. Cape May. — South Dennis (S), Court House, Dias Creek, Goshen, Whites- boro, Bennett. Coast 5/n>.— Wildwood (H&C). Panicum lindheimeri Nash. Lindheimer's Panic Grass. Panicum Lindheimeri Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. XXIV. 196 [Texas]. Dry ground throughout our region. Fl. — Mid-June to early August. Middle District. — Farmingdale, Pemberton Jnc., Haddonfield (S), Med- ford, Washington Park, Lindenwold, Sicklerville (S), Glassboro (S) York- town, Bridgeton (S). Pine Barrens. — New Lisbon, W. Plains (S), Speedwell (S), Ballinger's Mill, Winslow Jnc. (S), Folsom Twelfth St., Manahawkin, Woodbine, Palermo. Coast Strip. — Wildwood. Cape May.— Dias Creek (S), Fishing Creek (OHB). Panicum leucothrix Nash. Glaucous Panic Grass. Panicum leucothrix Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, XXIV. 41. 1897 [Eustis, Lake Co., Fla.] Sandy ground in the Pine Barrens ; apparently not very common. Fl. — Late June to late August, probably. Pine Barrens.— Vorktd River (H&C), Chatsworth, Atsion (H&C), Mouth of Batsto, Absecon (S). PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 203 Panicum huachucae Ashe. Huachuca Panic Grass. Paniciim huacliucc Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. XV. 51. 1898 [Huachuca Mts., Arizona]. So far as our material goes this species seems to be restricted to the Middle district and Coastal strip, and the typical form is apparently not common in our region. The majority of our specimens have been identified by Hitch- cock and Chase as P. h. silvicola,^ but many others are marked as intermediate and the characters are so slight that in practice it seems impossible to recognize them as distinct. Fl. — Mid-June to late July. Middle District. — Farmingdale, Sicklerville, Yorktown. Coast Strip. — Beach Haven (L), Piermont, Cold Spring. Panicum tennesseense Ashe. Tennessee Panic Grass. Paniciiiii tennesseense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. XV. 52. 1898 [La Vergne Co., Tenn.]. Distribution as in the last. Fl. — Mid-June to mid-July. Middle District.— Riddleton, Tabernacle (S). Coast Strip. — St. Albans (L), Palermo, Piermont, Wildvvood. Panicum meridionale Ashe. Gray Panic Grass. Panicum meridionale Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. XV. 59. 1898 [Chapel Hill, N. C.]. Dry ground; abundant in the Pine Barrens, also in the Coast strip and Cape May district. Starred specimens in the list of localities have been identified by Hitchcock and Chase as P. albemarlcnse, a species which so far as this New Jersey material goes I find it impossible to sepa- rate from P. meridionale. Fl. — ^Mid-June to mid-August. *Panicum Jmacliucce silvicola Hitchcock and Chase, Rhodora X. 64. 1908 [District of Columbia]. Middle District.— EAWngtr's Mill (S), Mcdford (S). edge of Bear Swamp, Swedesboro. Coast Strip.—Sea Bright, Forked River, Spray Beach (L), St. Albans (L), Surf City (L), Beach Haven (L), Barnegat City Jnc. (L), Barrel Island (L). Avalon. 204 REPORT OF NHW TI'.KvSKV STATIC MUSEUM. Middle District.— llorncrsiown, Grcnloch,* Mcdford* (S). Pine Barrens. — Allaire, Farmingdalc, Lakclnirst, Brown's A'lills Jnc, East Plains, Chatsworth, Ballingcr's Mill,* Bear Swamp* (S), Berlin (S), Sickler- ville, Landisville, Atsion (H&C), Winslow Jnc, Pancoast, Palermo. Coast Stri/y. — Anglesea, Piermont (S). Surf City* (L), N. Beach Haven* (L), Holgates (L), Ship Bottom (L). Panicum oricola Hitch. & Chase. Coast Panic Grass. Panicum oricola Hitchcock and Chase, Rhodora VHI. 208. 1906 [Lewes, Del.]. Apparently restricted to the Coast strip and Pine Barrens. Fl. — Early Jnne to mid-August. Pine Barrens. — Toms River (H&C), Hornerstown, Forked River (H&C), Pasadena, Tuckerton (H&C), Chatsworth, E. Plains (H&C), Millville, Win- slow Jnc, Hammonton (H&C). Atsion (H&C), Absecon (H&C). Coast Strip.—Ship Bottom (L), Spray Beach (L), Surf City (L), Beach Haven (L), Peahala (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Atlantic City (H&C). Panicum lanuginosum Ell.-j- Downy Panic Grass. Panicum lanuginosum Elliott, Bot. S. C. and Ga. I. 123. [Georgia]. Restricted to the coastal strip, where it is common along the edge of the salt marshes. Fl. — Late June to late July. Coast 5/n>— Peahala (L), Beach Haven (L), St. Albans (L), Surf City (L), N. Beach Haven (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Palermo, Piermont (S), Anglesea. Wildwood (H&C), Bennett (S). Panicum villosissimum Nash. Wooly Panic Grass. Panicum villosissimum Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXHI. 149. 1896 [Ocmulgee Swamp, Ga.]. Throughout our region in sandy localities, usually in woods. Fl. — Early June to early July. Middle District.— Arneys Mt. (S), Grenloch, Mickleton, Glassboro (S), Sicklerville, Centerton (S), Husted (S), Millville. *Panicum alhemarlense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc XVI. 84. 1900 [Beaufort and Hyde Cos., N. C.]. t Hitchcock and Chase record P. auburne from New Jersey in Gray's Manual, Ed. VH., 1908, p. in, but apparently repudiate the statement in their subsequent monograph of the genus where they do not know it north of Virginia. PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 205 Pine Barrens.— Bear Swamp, Ballinger's Mill, Cedar Brook, Landisville. Inskip, Winslow Jnc, Folsom, Petersburg. Coast Strip. — Avalon. Cape May.— Court House (S), Wildwood Jnc. (H&C), Dias Creek, Ben- nett, Cold Spring (S), Fishing Creek (OHB). Panicum pseudopubescens Nash. Smoothish Panic Grass. Panicum pseudopubescens Nash, Bull. Torr. Club XXVI. 577. 1899 [Auburn, Lee Co., Ala.]. One specimen collected by Mr. Benjamin Heritage near Mickleton has been identified as this species by Hitchcock and Chase, and several other records appear in their monograph of the genus. Evidently not common. Middle District.— Camden (H&C), Mickleton. Pine Barrens. — Atsion (H&C). Cape May.— Wildwood Jnc. (H&C). Panicum commonsianum Ashe. Commons' Panic Grass. Panicum commonsianum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. XV. 55. 1898 [Cape May Pt. N. J.]. Plentiful in dry ground throughout the Pine Barren and Cape May districts. The type was collected by Mr. Albert Commons, the well known authority on the Delaware flora, at Cape May Point, N. J. Fl. — Early June to late July. Pine Barrens. — Farmingdale (S), Lakehurst, Davenport, Toms River (H&C), Whitings, Brown's Mills, New Lisbon, Bamber, Forked River, Pasa- dena, E. Plains (S), Speedwell, Chatsworth (S), White Horse (S), Taber- nacle, head of Batsto River, Clementon, Sumner, Albion, Sicklerville, east of Centerton (S), Vineland (S), Landisville (T), Atsion (H&C), Millville, Twelfth St., Pancoast. Coa.sf 5';n>.— Wildwood (H&C). Cape May.—Ca^e May Pt. (S). Panicum commonsianum addisonii Nash. Addison Brown's Panic Grass. Panicum addisonii Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXV. 83. 1898 [Wildwood, N. J.]. Common in dry sandy ground, especially in the Pine Barrens, but locally at least throughout our region. The type specimen of this species, which if. essentially a diminutive of the preceding, was collected by Mr. E. P. Bicknell at Wildwood, May 30, 1897. It is named after Hon. Addison Brown, joint author of the "Illustrated Flora." 2o6 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. So many New Jersey specimens arc rc^^ardcd as intermediate between commonsiamim and addisonii by Hitchcock and Chase, to whom they w-ere submitted, that it seems more reasonable to regard them as sub-species rather than as full species. Fl. — Early June to late July. Middle District.— F^rmmgcMe (S), Woodbury, Tomlinson's Medford (S), Lawnside (S), Union Grove (S), Bridgeton (S). Pine Barrens. — Lakelnirst, Toms River (H&C), Whitings, Brown's Mills, E. Plains (S), Tuckerton (H&C), Chatsworth, Albion, Ballinger's Mills, Lan- disville, Inskip, Atsion (H&C), Mays Landing,, Somers Pt. (H&C). Coast 5/n>.— Wildvvood (H&C), Piermont (S). Cape May.— Wildwood Jnc. (H&C), Dias Creek (S), Cape May (S). Panicum tsugetorum Nash. Hemlock Panic Grass. Panicum tsugetorum Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXV. 86. 1898 [N. Y. Botanic Garden]. Casually throughout our region, but most plentiful in the pine woods of the Pine Barrens in company with the two preceding and the follow'ing. FL — Early June to late July. Middle District. — Riverside, Lawnside (S), Medford (S), Glassboro (S), Centerton (S), Bridgeton (S). Pine Barrens.—Forked River (H&C), Tuckerton (H&C), E. Plains (S), Chatsworth (S), White Plorse (S), Atsion (H&C), Pancoast (S), Palermo. Cape ilfo3'.— Wildwood Jnc. (H&C), Bennett (S), Court House. Panicum columbianum Scrlbn. Columbia Panic Grass. Panicum cohiinbianum Scribner, Bull. VH. Div. Agrost. U. S. Dept. Agr. 78. 1897 [N. Eng. to Carolinas, Tenn. and Ala.]. — Keller and Brown 37. Panicum psammophilum Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXVL 576. 1899 [Toms River, N. J.]. Dry sandy w^oods of the Pine Barrens and casually in the Middle, Cape May and Coast districts. Fl. — Early June to late July. Middle District. — Shark River, Grenloch, Lawnside. Pine Barrens.— A.\\?i\vt (S), Farmingdale (S), Lakehurst (H&C), Toms River (H&C), Brown's Mills, New Lisbon, Tuckerton (H&C), E. Plains, Chatsworth, Atco, Sicklerville, Atsion (H&C), Folsom, Pancoast, Palermo. Coast Strip. — Anglesea, Wildwood (H&C). Cape May. — Court House. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 207 Panicum columbianum thinium Hitch & Chase. Panicum unciphyllum thinium Hitchcock and Chase. Rhodora VIII. 209. [Toms River, N. J.] Distribution similar to the last, from which it is perhaps hardl)? separable. Fl. — Early June to late July. Middle Dw^nV^.— Lawnside (S), Mantoloking (H&C). Pine Barrens.— "Toms River (H&C), Forked River (H&C), Chatsworth (S), Bear Swamp (S), Atsion (H&C), Tuckerton (H&C), Palermo, Egg Harbor City. Coast Strip — Ocean City (S). Cape May. — Court House (S). Panicum ensifolium Baldwin. Britton's Panic Grass. Panicum ensifolium Baldwin, in Elliott Flor. S. Car. & Ga. I. 126. 1817 [Georgia]. Panicum Brittoni Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXIV. 194. 1897 [Forked River, N. J.]. Boggy or wet sandy ground in the Pine Barren and Cape May districts, and locally in west Jersey. This is the most delicate species after P. zvrightianmn. It was first collected in New Jersey by Dr. N. L. Britton at Forked River, in 1896, and as it was at that time thought to be a new species, Mr. Nash named it in honor of the collector. FL — Early June to mid-July. Middle District. — Lawnside (S). Pine Barrens.— Allaire, Pt. Pleasant, Toms River (H&C), Forked River, Manahawkin, Penn Place (H&C), Atsion (H&C), Chatsworth, Speedwell, Pancoast. Cape May. — Cold Spring. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Round-fruited Panic Grass. Panicum sphaerocarpon Elliot, Flor. of S. Car. & Ga. I. 125. 1817 [Georgia]. Britton 281. — Keller and Brown 37. Sandy ground; locally in northern New Jersey and common throughout our region. One of the most uniformally distributed and easily recognized species, the small round spikelets, broad, short and stiff leaves being particularly characteristic. Fl. — Mid-June to mid-August. Middle District.— Mediord, Lawnside (S). Pine 5ar)rH.y.— Farmingdale (S), Forked River, Tuckerton, New Lisbon, White Horse, Chatsworth, Speedwell (S), Atco, Pancoast (S), Palermo, Dennisville (S). 2o8 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Coast Strip. — Spray Beach (L), Pcahala (L), Barnegat City Jnc. (L), Beach Haven (L). St. Albans (L), Surf City (L), Barrel Isl. (L), Long- port (S), Avalon, Piermont, Wildvvood. Cape May. — Wildwood Jnc, Bennett, Cold Spring (S), Green Creek (S), Cape May "(H&C). Panicum polyanthes Schultos. Small-fruited Panic Grass. Paniciim polyaiitlics Schultcs, Mant. II. 257. 1824. New name for P. multi- Hontm Ell. [nee. Poir] [S. Carolina]. Paiiicuvi microcarpon Britton 281. Damp shady ground, apparently not very commcjn in our region, and found only in the Middle and Cape May districts. Fl. — Late June to mid-July. Secondary panicles very rare. Middle District.— Sea Bright, Camden Co. (C), Pemberton Jnc. (S), Med- ford (S), Ballinger's Mill (S), Yorktown, Maple Shade. Cape May. — Bennett. Panicum commutatum Schultes. Variable Panic Grass. Panicum commnlatiun Schultes, Mant. III. 24. 1824 [Carolina and Georgia]. Our only record is at Bennett, Cape May Co., where I col- lected it June 30, 1909. Fl. — Early June to late July. Cape May. — Bennett (S). Panicum ashei Pearson. Ashe's Panic Grass. Panicum Ashei T. G. Pearson, in Ashe Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. XV. 35. 1898 [Wilmington, N. C.]. Plentiful in dry sandy woodland of the Pine Barrens and Cape May districts, and less abundant in the Middle district and Coast strip. The early forked branching and general smooth rigid ap- pearance are characteristic of this species, as is the frequent purplish coloration. Fl. — Late May to mid-July, rarely later. Middle District. — Shark River, Woodbury, Glassboro (S), Scwell (S), Bridgeton (S), Yorktown. Pine Barrens. — Bamber, Waretown, Tuckerton (H&C), Albion (S), Sick- lerville, Landisville, Millville, Atsion (H&C), Winslow Jnc, Folsom, Egg Harbor City (H&C), Pancoast, Petersburg, Dennisville (S). Coast Strip.— WMwood (H&C). Cape -¥ay.— Court House, Wildwood Jnc (H&C), Bennett (S), Whites- boro (S). PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 209 Panicum scribnerianum Nash. Scribner's Panic Grass. Panicum scribnerianum Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXII. 421. 1895. New name for P. scoparium minor Scrib. [nee P. capillare minor Muhl.] [Wysox, Pa.]. — Keller and Brown 2)7- Panicum scoparium Button, 280. Restricted to the Middle district and certain localities in the northern comities. Locally common in dry, sandy ground. Named for Prof. F. Lamson Scribner, the well known agros- tologist, who was for some years an active student of the flora of Philadelphia and vicinity and who first mounted and arranged the North American grasses in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy. PL — Late May to early July. Middle District. — Crosswicks Creek, Delanco, Riverside, Woodbury, Gren- loch, Lawnside (S), CoUingswood (S), Medford (S), Mt. Holly, Swedes- boro. Panicum oligosanthes Schultes. Few-fruited Panic Grass. Panicum oligosanthes Schultes, Mant. II. 256. 1824. [New name for P. paucifloruni Ell. — .Georgia]. Known only from the Middle, Pine Barren and Cape May dis- tricts, where I have collected it in sandy soil at several localities. Previously it was not known north of Delaware. Fl. — Early June to mid- July. Middle District.— Mediord. Lawnside (S). Pine Barrens.— Atsion (H&C). Cape May. — Bennett. Panicum scoparium Lam. Velvety Panic Grass. Panicum scoparium Lamark, Encycl. VII. 744. 1797 [S. Carolina].— Keller and Brown 37. Panicum viscidum Britton 281. Common in moist ground along the entire coast marshes and up the Delaware River at least to Camden, following the larger streams into the limits of the Middle and Pine Barren districts at several points. Its large size and dense velvety pubescence serve to dis- tinguish it. Fl. — Early July to late August. 14 MUS 210 REPORT OF NEW IlCRSl- V STATIC MUSEUM. Middle District. — Kaighns Pt., National Park, So. Wcstville, 8 miles west Micklelon. Centcrton (S), Bridgeton (S), Dividing Creek. Pine Barrens. — Williamstown Jnc, Winslow Jnc, Folsom, Woodbine (S), DennJsville. Coast Strife. — .Avon (H&C), Pt. Pleasant. Manahawkin, Spray Beach (L) Tuckerton (H&C). Palermo, Ocean City, Estclville, Mays Landing (S), Anglcsea, Wildwood (H&C), Peermont (S), Manumuskin (S). Caf>e May. — Cold Spring, Court House, Cape May. Panicum cryptanthum Ashe. Sheathed Panic Grass. Panicum cryptanthum Ashe, N. C. Agr. Sta. Bull. 175, 115. 1900 [Wilson's Mill, n". C.]. Known only from Twelfth St. (Folsom), Atlantic Co., near where it crosses Hospitality Branch in the Pine Barrens. It was collected here July 27, 1909, by Mr. Bayard Long, and thereby its range was extended far northward. Plitchcock and Chase* have recorded this specimen as from Atlantic City, a locality thirty miles to the east in a totally differ- ent floral district. Pine Barrens. — Twelfth St. Folsom. Panicum aculeatum Hitchcock & Chase. Chase's Panic Grass. Panicum aculeatum Hitchcock and Chase, Rhodora VHI. 209. 1906 [Tacoma Park, D. C.]. Just as the work is passing through the press Mr. O. H. Brown sends a Panicum from Cape May, which agrees in all respects with this species, except that the spikelets are a little smaller and the leaves shorter than a specimen from the District of Columbia collected by Mr. House. If not identical it repre- sents a form exceedingly close to P. aculeatum. Mr. Long has apparently the same thing from Albion, September 7, 19 10. Panicum scabriusculum Ell. Elliot's Panic Grass. Panicum scrabriusculum Elliot, Bot. S. C. and Ga. I. 121 T Savannah]. Confined to moist ground in the Pine Barrens. First dis- covered in the State by Mr. Bayard Long on Hospitality Branch, where it crosses Twelfth St. (Folsom), July 27, 1909. Not previously known from north of Virginia. Fl. — Early July to mid-August. * N. A. Panicum. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15, p. 299. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 211 Pine Barrens. — Twelfth St. Hospitality Branch, Pleasant Mills, N. of Atsion. Panicum clandestinum L. Hispid Panic Grass. Panicum clandestinum Linnseus, Sp. PI. 58. 1753 [Pennsylvania]. — Britton 280. Swampy thickets ; common in the northern counties and also in the Middle district and Coast strip all the way to Cape May, but not recorded from the Pine Barrens. Fl. — Mid- June to early September. Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Delanco. Hartford, Fish House, Haddonfield (S), Medford, Ballinger's Mill (S), Lawnside (S), Woodbury, Tomlin, Albion, Swedesboro, Yorktown, Centerton (S). Coast Strip. — Sandy Hook (NB), Toms River, Manahawkin, Ocean City (S), Piermont, Wildwood (H&C), Holly Beach (UP). Cape May. — Court House. Cold Spring. Panicum boscii Poir. Porter's Panic Grass. Panicum Boscii Poiret, in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. IV : 278. 1816 [Carolina]. Casual in the Middle district and probably common in the northern counties. While some specimens present more pubes- cence than others, none seem worthy of separation under P. h. inolle. Fl. — Early June to early August. Middle DwinV^.— Westville, Medford, Swedesboro, Fairton. Cape May. — Bennett, Cape May. Panicum latifoiium L. Broad-leaved Panic Grass. Panicum latifoiium Linnseus, Sp. PI. 58. I753 [America].— Britton 280. Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte, Torrey Cat. 91. 1819.— Keller and Brown 38. Edg-es of woods, dry ground ; common in the northern part of the State, but rare within our region and confined to the Middle district. Fl. — Early June to mid-July. Middle District.— M\ck\tion. SACCIOLEPIS Nash. Sacciolepis striata (L.). Gibbous Panic Grass. Holcus striatus Linnseus, Sp. PI. 1048. I753 [Virginia]. Sacciolepis gibba Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1908, p. 456. 212 REPORT OK NEW TERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Confined to the lower part of the Cape May peninsula, growing in moist soil. This species was discovered on the border of Lily Lake, Cape May Point, in September, 1905, by Mr. C. S. W'illiamson. It was not previously known from north of Vir- ginia. Fl. — Early August into October. Cape ^/<73'.— Cape May Pt. ECHINOCHLOA Beauvois. Echinocloa walteri (Pursh). Salt-Marsh Cockspur Grass. PI. XL, fig. 3. Patiicntn Walteri Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 66. 1814 [Canada and New York near salt water]. Panicum Crus-galli hispidiim Knieskern 40. — Britton 282. Common along the edge of salt marshes on the entire coast and introduced at a few spots in west Jersey. Distinguished from the common weed "Barnyard Grass" B. Crus-galli (L) by its much larger head and longer bristles. Fl. — Late August to early October. Middle District. — Clementon. Maritime. — Seaside Park (Ha), Forked River, Barnegat City (L), Harvey Cedars (L), Beach Haven (L), Ocean City (S), Tuckahoe (S), Sea Isle City (S), Avalon, Cape May, Dennisville (S). CH>eTOCHLOA Scribner. Key to the Species a. Bristles downwardly barbed, spikes adhering to one's clothing. [C. verticillata]* aa. Bristles upwardly barbed.. b. Spike 20-50 cm. long, green. C. magna, p. 213 bb. Spike 10-20 cm. long, purplish. [C. italica]i bbb. Spike less than 15 cm. long. c. Annual, with merely a tuft of slender rootlets. d. Bristles green, spikelets 2 mm. long. [C z'iridis]t dd. Bristles tawny yellow, spikelets 2.5-3 mm. [C. glauca]^ cc. Perennial, with a creeping root stalk. d. Culms tufted, green or purplish. C. imberbis, p. 213 * Barbed. Foxtail Grass. A weed about dwellings, t Millet. Cultivated and escaped in waste ground. ± Green Foxtail Grass. A common weed. § Yellow Foxtail Grass. A common weed. PIvANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 213 dd. Culms not tufted, bristles and tips of spikelets purplish. Coast plant. C. i. versicolor, p. 213 Chaetochloa imberbis R. & S. Native Fox-tail Grass. PI. XL, Fig. 5. Setaria imberbis Roemer and Schultes, Syst. II. 891 [N. A. and Brazil]. Moist ground in the Middle district; probably more common than our collections would indicate, as it has been confused with the introduced species C. glauca and C. viridis, so common about cultivated ground. It can be told at once by the creeping root- stalk, being a perennial, while the others are annuals. Fl. — Mid-July to late September. Middle District. — Pemberton Jnc. (S), Delanco, Camden. Chaetochloa imberbis versicolor (Bicknell). Coast Fox-tail Grass. Chetochloa versicolor Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club. 25. Feb., 1898. p. 105 [Van Courtland Park, N. Y.]. Common along the edges of the salt marshes on the coast as well as on the bay shore of Cape May at least as far as Dias Creek. Fl. — Mid- July tO' late September. Maritime. — Seaside Park, Forked River, Manahawkin, Surf City (L), Barnegat City (L), St. Albans (L)„ Peahala (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Sherburn's (L), Beach Haven (L), Cedar Bonnet (L), Absecon (S), Atlan- tic City, Ocean City, Palermo, Cape May Court House, Cape May, Dias Creek. Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.). Giant Fox-tail Grass. Setaria magna Grisebeck, Fl. Brit. W. Indies. 1861. 554 [Jamaica]. Found on the edge of the salt marshes near the Cape May Point lighthouse, in September, 1891, by the writer, but not seen there in recent years. Re-discovered September, 191 1, on the ocean side of the peninsula, below Cold Spring, by Mr. O. H. Brown. There is also a specimen in the Academy from the W. Wynne Wister herbarium labeled "N. J. 1863." Fl. — Late July to late September or into October. Maritime.— WMwood (UP), Cape May Pt. (S), Near Cold Spring. CENCHRUS L. Key to the Species. a. Bur-like involucres, 8 mm. thick, short, pubescent. C. caroiinianus, p. 214 aa. Bur-like involucres, 12-14 mm. thick, densely long, pubescent. C. tribuloides, p. 214 214 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Flozvering Data. — Time of year indicates the season during wliich well developed involucres and intact racemes are present. Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Hedgehog Grass. Sand Bur. PI. XV., Fig. 6. Cenchrus carolinianus Walter, Flor. Carolina, 79. 1788 [Carolina, probably]. Cenchrus tribuloides Knieskcrn 40. — Britton 282 (in part). — Keller and Brown 39- Cenchrus echinatus Muhlenberg, Cat. 7. 1813.— Barton Flora Phila. I. 38. 1818.— Muhlenberg Gram. 51- 1817.— Torrcy Fl. U. S. I. 68. 1824. Common in sandy soil throuo^hout our region, extending into the Northern district along the Delaware and in Bergen Co., according to Britton. The character of the occurrence of this grass would seem to indicate that it was not originally found in the Pine Barrens or Coast region, but has entered from the surrounding areas. Fl. — Mid-July to late September. Middle District.— ISiew Egypt, Delanco, Camden, Blackwood, Washington Park (S). Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Landisville, Twelfth St., Absecon (S). Coast Strip. — Beach Haven (L). Cape Moy.— Court House (S), Goshen (S), Dias Creek. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Coast Sand Bur. Cenchrus tribuloides Linn?eus. Sp. PI. 1050. 1753 [Coast of Virginia].— Muhlenberg, Cat. 7. 1813.— Pursh Fl. Am. Sept. I. 60. 1814.— Muhlenberg Gram. 52. 1817.— Torrey Fl. U. S. I. 69. 1824. Cenchrus macrocephalus Keller and Brown 39. Common on sand dunes along the lower half of the coast. Fl. — Mid-July to mid-September. Maritime.— Suri City (L), Tucker's (L), Beach Haven (L), Holgate's (L), St. Albans (L), Spray Beach (L), Atlantic City, Longport (S), Ocean City, Stone Harbor (S), Anglesea, Wildwood, Cape May (OHB). ZIZANIA L. Zizania palustris L. Wild Rice. Zizania palustris Vmnxus, Mantissa U. 295. 1771 [North America]. Zicafiia aquatica Knieskern 37.— Barton Fl. Phila. H. 168. 1818.— Britton 283. Plentiful in water along the larger rivers and swamps of the Middle and Cape May districts and the Coastal strip, running well up into the Pine Barrens along l^he principal water courses, but not strictly speaking, a member of the Pine Barren flora. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 215 This is the Wild Rice which covers the broad marshes of the Delaware as well as those of Newark and Hackensack, associated with Cat-tails, Spartina and Phragmites. By the latter part of July it is in full flower, and the drooping sprays of staminate flowers and broad green leaves remind one of a field of narrow leaved corn. In September it has become the shelter of thousands of reed birds and rail and the gunners soon begin to beat and trample it down in pursuit of their game. The storms of autumn complete the work and by winter the acres of swaying and fluttering foliage are reduced to a dense brown mat which covers the marsh, and through which, in the following spring, the tender green sprouts of the next year's crop push their way and once again give color to the meadows. The Rice sometimes follows the course of small streams for many miles back from the rivers or coast. I have found it on Cooper's Creek, twelve miles from its mouth, while it follows the larger streams as far as the head of tidewater. Very often a dam makes a sharp line of demarkation between the tidewater and Pine Barren floras, as at Toms River, Batsto, Mays Landing, Millville, etc., and checks abruptly the range of the Wild Rice. Fl. — Mid- July through August, spikelets soon dropping. Middle District.— New Egypt, Pemberton (NB), Fish House, Oaklyn (S), Mickleton, Swedesboro, Salem (S). Coast Strip.— Metedcconk River (NY), Toms River (S), Forked River, Weekstown, Forks of Batsto, Mays Landing. Cape May.— Cold Spring (OHB), New England Creek (OHB). HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. a. Spikelets 2.5-3 i""!- long, greenish, panicle branches rigid. H. virginiciis, p. 215 aa. Spikelets 4-5 mm. long, whitish, panicle branches drooping. H. oryzoides, p. 216 Homalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.). White Grass. Leersia virginica Willdenow, Sp. PI. i. 325. 1797 [North America].— Barton, Fl. Phil. I. 41. 1818.— Knieskern 37. Homalocenchrus virginica Britton 283. — Keller and Brown 39. Common in damp shady spots in the Middle and Cape May districts. PI — Late July to early September, spikelets of cxserted panicles soon dropping. 2i6 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Middle District.— Sea. Bright (XY), New Egypt, Hartford, Merchantville (KB), Delaire, Oaklyn (S), Springdale (S), Mickleton (NY), Washington Park (S), Swedesboro, Woodstown (KB), Salem (S). Cape May. — Whitesboro, Green Creek (S), Sluice Creek (S). Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.). Rice Cut-Grass. PI. VII., Fig. 4- Phalaris oryzoides Linnseus, Sp. PI. 55. 1753 [Virginia]. Homalocenchrus oryzoides Britton 284. Lecrsia oryzoides Barton, Fl. Phil. I. 41. 1818. — Knieskern :ij. Common in wet swamps throughout, except in the Pine Bar- rens, where it occurs only as an intrusion from the coast. Fl. — Early August to mid-September, spikelets of exserted panicles soon dropping. Middle District. — New Egypt, Delanco (S), Hartford, Camden (P), Oak- lyn (S), Lawnside (S), Springdale (S) Lindenwold (S), Clementon, Albion, Tomlin, Salem (S), Dividing Creek. Coast Strip. — Bay Head (NY), Barnegat City (L), Manahawkin, 4 mi. E. of Hammonton (S), Forks of Batsto, Mays Landing (S), Piermont (S), Wildwood (UP). Cape Afa3>.— Seaville (S), 3 mi. W. of Court House (S), Cape May (OHB). PHALARIS L. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass. PI. X., Fig. 3. Phalaris arundinacea Linnaeus, Sp. PL 55. 1753 [Europe]. — Britton 285. Frequent in open swamps in the northern counties, extending into the upper part of the Middle district. Fl. — Early June to early July. Middle District. — Pt. Pleasant, New Egypt Delair, Pemberton Jnc. (S), Mickleton, Swedesboro. SAVASTANA Schrank. Savastana odorata (L.). Holy Grass. Holcus odorafus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1048. 1753 [Europe]. Hierochloa borealis Willis 76.— Torrey Flor. U. S. 150. 1824. — Knieskern 39. Hierochloa odorata Britton 285. Savastana odorata Keller and Brown 39. Rather common along the edge of the salt marshes of the coast, especially where they join the first low thickets of the up- land. Reported from Salem, but we have no other records for the bay shore. PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 217 The coastal strip seems to have a much later awakening in spring time than the western part of the State, and when the :gray-green is beginning to tinge the landscape of the lower Dela- ware valley the shore marshes are still wrapped in the dull brown of winter. Even then, however, careful search will disclose the little brownish spikes of the Holy Grass pushing through tlic sod and unfurling their sprays of yellow anthers to the cold winds that still sweep in from the ocean. The long narrow glossy leaves come later and do not attain their full growth until the flower stalk has dried up. The Lake Como specimen has been identified as 5*. nashii, but the form does not appear separable. Fl. — Late April to late May. Panicles appear in early April and after flowering become dry and persist until midsummer. Maritime.— Sea Bright (C), Lake Como, Squan (C), Pt. Pleasant (KB), Bay Head, Surf City (L), Barnegat City (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Anglesea (H), Cape May Ct. House, Cape May, Salem. Also a specimen collected by J. H. Grove in a roadside near Lakehurst, July 23, 1808, perhaps introduced. ARISTIDA L. Key to the Species. a. Awns twisted together spirally below the middle. A. tuberculosa, p. 218 ca. Awns separate to the base. b. Middle awn coiled at the base, lateral awns very short. A. dichotoma, p. 217 bb. Middle awn not coiled at the base. c. Middle awn 35-70 mm. long, lateral awns not much shorter. A. oligantha, p. 218 cc. Middle awn less than 25 mm. long. d. Lower sheaths densely wooly. A. latiosa, p. 219 dd. Sheaths glabrous. e. 2>-^ dm. tall, panicle dense. A. purpurascens, p. 218 ce. 1.5-5 dm. tall, panicle slender. A. gracilis, p. 218 Aristida dichotoma Michx. Poverty Grass. PI. VHL, Fig. 9. Aristida dichotoma Michaux, Fl. Ber. Am. L 41. 1803 [Lincoln, N. Car.].— Knieskern 38.— Britton 286. Dry ground throughout the State. Fl. — Late August to early October. 2i8 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Middle District.— KeypoTt (NB), New Egypt, Fish House (S), Orchard (S). Westmont (S), Medford (S), Mickleton, Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Waretown, Absecon, Atsion, Landisville, Mays Landing, Palermo (S). Aristida gracilis Ell. Slender Poverty Grass. PI. VIII., Fig. 4- ArisMda gracilis Elliott, Bot. S. C. and Ga. I. 142. 1817 [Charleston, S. C.].— Knieskern 38.— Gray Man. Ed. I. 584. 1848.— Britton 286. Dry ground throughout the State, often growing with the last. Fl. — Early August to early October. Middle District. — New Egypt, Crosswicks, Medford, Clementon, Taunton. Pine Barrens. — Atsion, Mays Landing. Coast Strip. — Forked River, Spray Beach (L), Sherburn's (L). Cape May. — Green Creek (S). Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Beach Poverty Grass. Aristida tuberculosa Nuttall, Genera I. 57. 1818 [Augusta, Ga.]. — Knieskern 38._Willis 73.— Gray Man. Ed. I. 585. 1848.— Britton 286.— Keller and Brown 40. Sandy ground along the upper coast or inland therefrom, where it has possibly followed the railroads. It occurs at South Amboy to the north of our limits. Fl. — Late August to late September. Middle District.— Middletown Pt., Keyport (NB). Pine Barrens. — Pasadena (introduced along railroad). Coast Strip. — Sandy Hook (NB), Waretown, Toms River. Aristida oligantha Michx. Few-flowered Poverty Grass. Aristida oligantha Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 41. 1803 [Prairies of Illinois]. Dry sandy ground in the lower part of the Middle district; first obtained at Swedesboro by Mr. C. D. Lippincott. I am inclined to believe that this species has been introduced from the Mississippi Valley. Fl. — I^ate August to early October. Middle District.— Venwick, Clementon, Mickleton, Swedesboro. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Purplish Poverty Grass. PI. XII., Fig. 2. Aristida purpurascens Poiret in Lamark Encycl. Suppl. I. 452. 1810 [Caro- lina].— Knieskern 38.— Torrey Flora U. S. I. 81. 1824.— Britton 286. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 219 Locally in the northern counties and locally common in dry sandy g-round throughout our region. Fl. — Late August to early October. Middle District. — New Egypt, Freeman's, Medford (S), Haddonfield (S), Clementon, Lawnside (S), Washington Park (S), Woodbury, Tomlin, Pauls- boro (H). Pine Barrens. — Pasadena, Batsto, Albion, Atco, Atsion, Cedar Lake, Landis- ville, Malaga (S), Mays Landing (C). Coast Strip. — Cox's. Seaville, Piermont, Anglesea. Cape May. — Court House (S), Anglesea Jnc., Bennett. Aristida lanosa Muhl. Wooly Poverty Grass. Aristida lanosa Muhlenberg, Gram. 174. 1817 [Carolina]. Dry sandy ground, locally in the Middle and Cape May dis- tricts. First detected at Medford by Mr. Stewardson Brown and the writer. Previously apparently confused with the pre- ceding. Pi. — Early August to mid-September. Middle District.— Locust Grove (S), Medford (S), Lindenwold (S). Cape May.— Town Bank (S). STIPA L. Stipa avenacea L. Black Oat Grass. PI. VL, Fig. 3- Stipa avenacea Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 78. I753 [Virginia].— Muhlenberg Gram. 181. 1817.— Torrey Fl. U. S. L 80. 1824.— Knieskern 38.— Britton 286.— Keller and Brown 40. Stipa bicolor Barton, Fl. Phil. L 54- 1818. Locally in Bergen and Passaic counties and common in dry sandy ground in the Middle district ; less common in other parts of our region. A striking grass with its long twisted awns. Fl. — Late May to early June. Fruit matures very rapidly and immediately drops. Middle District.— Fhalany: (NY), Farmingdale, Brindletown, Browns Mills, Kaighns Pt., Westville (P), Sewell, Glassboro, Medford (S), Albion, Sickler- vile, Berlin, Lindenwold, Mickleton, Swedesboro, Millville (S). Pine Barrens.— hakehmst, Landisville, Newtonville, Winslow Jnc., White Horse (P), Mays Landing, Palermo. (Probably none of these typical Pine Barrens.) Cape May.— Dennisville (OHB), Cape May, Cold Spring. 220 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. MUHLENBERGIA Schreber. Key to the Species. a. Panicle purplish, open and diffuse, each spikelet on a filiform pedicel and with a hair-like awn. M. capillaris, p. 221 aa. Panicle contracted, spike-like or exceedingly slender and appressed, culms branched. b. Flowering scales not awned. M. mexicana, p. 220 bb. Flowering scales awned. c. Panicles not dense and cylindrical. d. Outer scales equal in length to the flowering scale. M. sylvatica, p. 220 dd. Outer scales about two-thirds as long as the flowering scale. M. tenuMora. p. 221 ddd. Outer scales minute, less than one-third as long as the flower- ing scale. M. diffusa, p. 221 cc. Panicles dense and cylindrical, spike-like. M. foliosa, p. 220 Muhlenbergia foliosa Trin. Leafy Muhlenbergia. Muhlenbergia foliosa Trinius, Gram. Unifl. 190. 1824 [Pennsylvania]. Bogs of the Middle district; rare (probably also northward), only known from Lindenwold, where it was discovered by the writer September 20, 19 10, and was fairly plentiful in good con- dition. Fl. — Late August to early October. Middle District. — Lindenwold. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.). IVIeadow Muhlenbergia. PI. VII., Fig. 3- Agrostis mexicana Linnaeus, Mant. I. 31. 1767 [America]. — Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 42. 1818. Muhlenbergia mexicana Knieskern 27- — Britton 287. Throughout the northern counties; south locally in the Mid- dle district and on the coast. FL — Mid- August to late September. Middle District. — New Egypt, Birmingham, Delair, Swedesboro. Coast Strip. — Barnegat. Muhlenbergia sylvatica (Torr.). Wood Muhlenbergia. Agrostis sylvatica Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 87. 1824 [Mountains of N. J.]. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Knieskern 37. — Britton 287. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 221 Northern counties in shady moist ground, and reported from Monmouth and Ocean counties by Knieskern. Pine Barrens. — Landisville (T), probably introduced. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.)- Slender Muhlenbergia. Agrostis tenuiflora Willdenow, Sp. PI. I. 364. 1798 [North America]. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora Knieskern 37. — Britton 287. — Keller and Brown — 41. Shady ground ; frecjuent in the northern counties and rare in the Middle district. Reported by Knieskern from Ocean and Monmouth Counties. Fl. — Late July to mid-September. Middle District. — Swedesboro. Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd. Nimble Will. Muhlenbergia diffusa Willdenow, Sp. PI. 1:320. 1797 [Pennsylvania]. — Knieskern 3,7. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. 15. 1819. — Britton 287. Frequent in dry shady g-round in the northern counties and occasionally southward in the Middle district and Coastal Strip. FL — Late August to late September. Middle District. — New Egypt, Birmingham, Swedesboro, Mickleton (H). Coast Strip. — Forked River, Anglesea, Cape May (OHB). Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Long-awned Hair-Grass. Stipa capillaris Lamark, Tabl. Encycl. I. 158. 1791 [Carolina.]. Stipa sericea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 73. 1814. Agrostis sericea Muhlenberg Cat. 10. 1813. — Muhlenberg Gram. 64. 1817. Willis 72. Tricliochloa capillaris Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 93- 1824. Muhlenbergia capillaris Britton 287. Rare and local ; occurs also in Hudson Co.. at Snake Hill and Little Snake Hill. Fl. — Probably during September. Middle District. — ^Woodbury. Pine Barrens. — Eighth St., Hammonton. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauvois. Brachyelytrum erectum Schreb. Brachyelytrum. PI. X., Fig. 5- Muhlenbergia erecta Schreber, Bescher. Gras. II. 139 pl- 50- 1810 [Mts. of Penna.].— Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 40. 1818. Brachyelytrum aristatum Knieskern 37.— Willis 72.— Britton 287. 222 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Frequent in rocky woods in the northern counties and occa- sionally in the Middle district. Fl. — Early July to late July. Middle District.— Shnrk River (C), Pt. Pleasant (S), Haddonficld (P), Mickleton (NB), Swedcsboro. ALOPECURUS. Alopecurus geniculatus aristulatus (Michx.). Marsh Fox-tail. PI. VIII., Fig. 7. Alopecurus aristulatus Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I.: 43. 1803 [Canada]. Alopecurus subaristatns Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 47. 1818. — Nuttall, Gen. II. 52. 1818. Locally in swampy ground in the Northern and Middle dis- tricts. Fl. — Late May to early July. Middle District.— Red Bank, Swedesboro (CDL). SPOROBOLUS R. Brown. Key to the Species. a. Panicles contracted and spike-like, leaves with an attenuated involute tip. b. Panicle terminal, upper sheaths 75 mm. long or more. c. Two middle scales of the spikelet very unequal, attenuate. S. clandestinus, p. 223 cc. Two middle scales of the spikelet nearly equal, blunt. S. asper, p. 223 bb. Panicles terminal and lateral, upper sheaths not over 35 mm. long. S. vaginccAorus, p. 222 aa. Panicles diffuse, grayish, branches capillary, spikelets very minute. b. Base of plant flattened, leaves folded longitudinally. S. torreyanus, p. 223 bb. Base of plant not flattened, leaves flat. S. serotinus, p. 223 Sporobolus vaginaeflorus (Terr.). Sheathed Rush Grass. PI. XIV., Fig. 3. Vilfa vaginccflora Torrey, A. Gray, Gram. & Gyp. No. 3. 1834 [Pennsylvania]. Sporobolus vagincsHorus Britton 288. Dry ground, northern counties, and rarely south to the Middle District. Fl. — ^Early September to early October. Middle District.— Red Bank Mon. Co. (NB), Pt. Pleasant (McK), Bir- mingham, Mickleton (NB), Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Landisville (T), incursion from Middle District. Cape May. — Bennett. PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 223 Sporobolus asper (Michx.). Long-leaved Rush Grass. Agrostis aspera Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 52. 1803 [Illinois]. Cape May district, rare. This grass was unknown from the State until discovered by Mr. O. H. Brown, near Cape May City. It is rather remarkable that it has not been found in the Middle or Northern districts. Fl. — Late August to late September. Cape May. — Cape May. Sporobolus clandestinus (Spreng.). Rough Rush Grass. PL XIV., Fig. 4. Agrostis clandestina Sprengel, Mant. Fl. Hal. 32. 1807 [Pennsylvania]. Sporobolus asper Britton 288. Vilfa aspera Knieskern 2)7- Sandy ground, casual in the Northern and more plentiful in the Middle and Cape May districts. Fl. — Early August to late September. Middle District. — New Egypt, Birmingham, Medford (S), Mickleton '(NB), Swedesboro. Coast Strip. — Waretown. Cape Maj).— Bennett, Cold Spring (S), Town Bank. Sporobolus torreyanus (R. & S.). Torrey's Dropseed. Agrostis torreyana Roemer and Schultes, Mantissa II. 203 [Swamps of N. J.]. — new name for Agrostis compressa Torrey nee Willd. — [Pine Bar- rens N. J.]. Agrostis compressa Torrey Fl. N. Y. 15. 1819— Torrey Fl. U. S. I. 88. 1824. Sporobolus compressus Willis Cat. N. J. Plants 72. 1878— Britton 288. Sporobolus torreyanus Keller and Brown 43. Bogs of the Pine Barrens and the Cape May peninsula; fre- quent. Fl. — Mid-August to late September. Pifie Barrens.— Ancora. (P), Atsion, Main Road Sta. (T), Parkdale (S), Speedwell (S), Hammonton, Egg Harbor City. Cape May. — Court House (S), Bennett. Sporobolus serotinus (Torr.). Late-flowering Dropseed. PI. XIIL, Fig. 4- Agrostis serotina Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 88. 1824 [Pine Barrens of New Jersey]. Poa unillora var. capillaris Muhlenberg, Cat. II. 1813. 224 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Sporobolus serotinus Knicskcrn 37. — Willis 72. — Gray Man. Ed. I. 577. 1848.— Britton 288.— Keller and Brown 43. Pine Barren bog-s common, also locally in swamps in the Middle district. This and the preceding- are exceedingly delicate little grasses characteristic of the Pine Barren bogs, and occurring outside this district only in those so-called Pine Barren islands which are found in the adjacent territory. PL — Mid-August to early September. Middle District. — Griffith's Swamp, Lindenwold (S). Pine Barrens. — Toms River, Forked River, Warctown, Manahawkin, Coxe's, West Creek (S), Pasadena, Speedwell (S), Batsto (S) opp. Crow- leytown, Taunton (S), Atco, Cedar Brook, Ancora (P), Hammonton, Eighth St., Landisville, Egg Harbor City (S). CINNA L. Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reed Grass. PI. XII., Fig. 4. Cinna arundinacea Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 5. 1753 [Canada]. — Barton Fl. Phila. I. 44. 1818. — Knieskern 37. — Britton 289. Shady ground ; comimon in the northern counties and less frequent throughout the Middle district. Common also along the coastal strip and on both sides of the Cape May peninsula. The coast plant always develops a very heavy inflorescence. Plants of the other extreme probably accounted for the "C. pendula" credited to South Jersey in Willis' Catalogue, but which has very properly, I think, been omitted from subsequent cata- logues, as there are no specimens extant and the plant is a typical mountain species. "^ Fl. — Late July to early September. Middle District. — New Egypt, Delair, Fish House, Hartford, Lawnside (S), Gloucester (P), Mickleton (H), Swedesboro. Coast Strip.— Ft. Pleasant (P), Ocean City (S), Palermo (S), Mays Landing (S), Five-Mile Beach, Piermont (S). Cape May.— Goshen (S), Cape May (OHB). AGROSTIS L. Key to the Species. a. Spikelets consisting of two glumes and two flower-scales, the shorter one at least one-third as long as the other. b. Panicle large and open. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 225 c. Larger flower scale with a short awn. A. alba aristata, p. 225 cc. Larger flower-scale not awned. [A. alba]* bb. Panicle contracted, dense and spike-like, usually about 2 in. long. A. maritima, p. 225 aa. One flower-scale wanting, or exceedingly minute. b, Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long. c. Culms weak and often prostrate, panicle green, branches dividing at or below the middle, spikelets scattered. A. perennans, p. 226 cc. Culms erect, panicle silvery or purplish, exceedingly capillary and diffuse, branches dividing above the middle, spikelets crowded toward the tips. A. hyenialis, p. 226 bb. Spikelets 2-3 mm. long, culms erect. c. Branches of the panicle dividing above the middle, spikelets crowded at the ends, panicle purplish. A. elata, p. 225 cc. Branches of the panicle dividing below the middle, panicle green- ish or slightly purple. A. pseudo intermedia, p. 226 Agrostis alba aristata Gray. Awned Herd Grass. Agrostis alba aristata Gray, Man. Ed. L 578. 1848 [E. North America]. — Hitchcock, Bifreau PI. Indst. U. S. Dept. Agr. 68: 27. 1905. This awned formi of A. alba was collected by Mr. Charles S. Pollard at Wildwood, N. J., July 4, 1897, and reported by Hitch- cock in 1905. It doubtless occurs elsewhere, and is probably native along the coast. Agrostis maritima Lam. Coast Bent Grass. Agrostis maritima Lamarck, Encycl. L 61. 1783 [Narbonne, France]. Agrostis alba maritima Hitchcock, Bull. Bur. PI. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agr. 68 :27. 1905. IDamp spots along the coast, especially among the sand dunes. Also at one station in the Pines along the Egg Harbor river (coast intrusion?). Fl. — Early June into July. Coast Strip.— Spray Beach (L), Surf City (L), Peahala (L), Palermo, Wildwood, Anglesea, Bennett, Cape May. Pine Barretts. — Folsom. Agrostis elata Pursh. Tall Bent Grass. Agrostis elatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 61. 1814 [Sandy deep swamps, N. J.].— Willis 72. Trichodium elatum Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 83. 1824. Agrostis altissima Britton 288. — Keller and Brown 44. Agrostis perennans elata Hitchcock, Bull. PI. Indust., U. S. Dept. Agr. 68 .-27. 1905. * Red-top, or Herd-grass, abundantly introduced. PI. XH., Fig. 3. 15 MUS 226 REPORT OF NEW JERSl^V STATE MUSEUM. Swaniips of the Pine Barrens frequent. Rare and local in the Cape May peninsula. Fl. — ]\Ii(l-August into October. Pine Barrens. — Forked River, Pasadena, West Creek (S), Speedwell (S), Atsion, Batsto, Hanimoiiton (C), Atco (C), Landisville. Kcnilworth (S), Clementon (S). Egg Harbor City (P). Cape Ma.v.— Cold Spring (OHB). Agrostis pseudointermedia Farwell. Upland Bent Grass. Agrostis pseudointermedia Farwell, Ann. Rep. Con^ Parks and Boul'vds, Detroit, Mich. II. 46. 1900 [N.n for A. intermedia, Sm. nee. Balb. 1802, Pine Mt., Tenn.] This is apparently the commoner form throughout the Middle and Cape May districts, the more dehcate A. percnnans being more northern. Fl. — Early August into October. Middle District. — Swedesboro, Millville. Coast Strip. — Pasadena. Cape May. — Greenfield. Agrostis perennans (Walt.). Thin Grass. Cornticopicc percnnans Walter. Fl. Car. 74. 1788 [South Carolina]. — Brit- ton 288. Throughout the northern counties in moist ground. Rare in the upper part of the Middle district. Fl. — Early August into October. Middle District. — Prospertown, Medford (S), Tonilin. Agrostis inyemalis (Walt.). Rough Hair Grass. OorniicopicB hyemalis Walter, Fl. Car. 73. 1788 [South Carolina]. Agrostis scabra Knieskern 37. Agrostis hyemalis Britton 288. Common in dry ground throughout the State. Fl. — Early June into August. Middle District. — Camden, Washington Park, Tomlinson's, Sicklerville, Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Toms River (S), Speedwell (S), Bear Swamp (S), Bal- linger's Mill (S), Berlin (S), Williamstown Jnc. Belleplain (S), Mill- ville (S). Coast Strip.— Suri City (L). Cape M(7v.— Whitesboro (S). Cold Spring (S). PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 227 CALAMAGROSTIS Adanson. Key to the Species. a. Panicle contracted and spike-like, green tinged with purple. C. cmnoidcs, p. 227 aa. Panicle open spreading purplish C. canadensis, p. 227 Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.). Blue Joint Grass. Ariindo canadensis Michaux. Fl. Bor. Am. I. 72,. 1803 [Canada]. — Knieskern 2>7> 1857. Arundo agrostoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 86. 1814 [Bogs of New Jersey and Penna.]. Calamagrostis canadensis Willis, jT)- — Keller and Brown 44. Deyeuxia canadensis Britton 289. Frequent in swamps of the northern counties, extending south locally through the Middle district to Cape May. Fl. — ^Early June to early July. Middle District.— Squan (S), Shark River (C), Farmingdale, Hartford, Mickleton (NB), Gibbstown (H), Repaupo (NY), Egg Harbor City (KB). Cape Maj/.— Bennett (S), Cape May (OHB). Coast Strip. — Beach Haven (L) (introduced?) Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.). Nuttail's Reed Grass. PI. X., Fig. I. Ariindo cinnoides Muhlenberg Gram. 187. 1817 [Pennsylvania and Mass- achusetts]. ^Barton Fl. Phila. I. 70. Calamagrostis Nuttalliana Willis 13. Arundo coarctata Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 94- 1824. Deyeuxia Nuttalliana Britton, 289. Calamagrostis cinnoides Keller and Brown 44. Calamagrostis coarctata Knieskern 2>7- Occasional in the northern counties, and frequent in swamps of the Middle district and plentiful in the Pine Barrens and Cape May peninsula. Rare on the coast. Fl. — Late July to mid-September. Middle District.—Shark River (NB), New Egypt, Griffith's Swamp, Cam- den (P), Mickleton, Dividing Creek. Pine Barren.'^.— Forked River, Waretown, West Creek (S), Manahawkin, Coxe's, Speedwell (S), Taunton (S), Landisville, Hammonton. Atsion (S), Quaker Bridge (P), Egg Harbor City. Woodbine, Petersburg (S), Ocean City Jnc. Coast Strip. — Surf City (L). Cape May.— Court House (S), Bennett, Cape May (OHB). 228 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. AMMOPHILA Host. Ammophila arenaria (L.). Sea Sand Reed. PI. v., Fig. 2. Arundo areuaria Linnseus, Sp. PI. 82. 1753 [Europe]. — Muhlenberg Gram. 181. 181- Phalaris maritiina Nuttall, Gen. I. 48. 1818. Calamagrostis arenaria Knieskern, 38. — Willis 73. Ammophila arenaria Britton, 289. — Keller and Brown 43. Abundant on the sand dunes of the entire coast. The Beach Grass is one of the most characteristic plants of the coastal islands. Its pale glaucous green leaves and whitish spike give to these bare mounds their first verdure, while the long roots, which ramify in all directions, play an important part in bind- ing the sand together and holding it against the wind which is always drifting it this way and that. The stiff stalks and leaves adapted as they are for this constant battle with the elements, persist through the winter, dried and bleached to a pale buff, and bend and flutter in the fierce storms as gaily as in the milder blasts of summer, ever holding the beach line against the en- croachment of wind and wave. Fl. — Mid-August to mid-September, the dried panicles per- sisting into winter. Maritime.— Sandy Hook, Deal, Pt. Pleasant, Waretown, Seaside Park (Ha), Barnegat Pier, Spray Beach (L), Atlantic City, Longport (S), Ocean City (S), Sea Isle City (S), Stone Harbor (S), Wildwood, Cape May. CALAMOVILFA Hackel. Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.). Pine Barren Reed Grass. PI. XHL, Fig. I. Arundo brevipilis Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 95 [Quaker Bridge, N. J.]. Calamagrostis brevipilis Knieskern, 38. — Willis 72,- Ammophila brevipilis Britton, 290. Calamovilfa brevipilis Keller and Brown 45. Common in Pine Barren bogs; does not range north of this district. This is one of the characteristic grasses of the Pine Barrens. In general appearance it strikingly recalls Tridens Havus. Fl. — Early July to late August, or rarely a little later. PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 229 Pine Barrens.— Toms River, Prospertown, Forked River (S), Atco (P), Speedwell (S), Chats worth. Buena Vista, Parkdale (S), Hammonton, Quaker Bridge, Egg Harbor City. One specimen in the Academy herbarium is marked ''Atlantic City, C. A. Boice." It seems probable, however, that it came from the mainland west of Atlantic City, and not from the island beach, as we have no definite evidence of its occurrence on the coast, and it would seem very unlikely. DESCHAMPSIA Beauvois. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.). Wavy Hair Grass.* PI. VII., Fig. I. Aira Uexuosa Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 65. 1753 [Europe].— Barton Fl. Phil. I. 57. 1818. — Knieskern 39. — Britton 290. Frequent in dry ground in the northern, Middle and Cape May districts, but apparently rare and recently introduced in the Pine Barrens. Fl. — Late May to late June. Middle District. — Red Bank. Farmingdale, New Egj^pt, Crosswicks, Kin- kora, Mt. Holly, Arneys Mt. (S), Fish House (S), Medford (S), Westville, National Park, Washington Park, Woodbury, Mickleton (NB), Swedesboro, Centerton (S), Millville. Pine Barrens. — Forked River, New Germany, Folsom. Cape May.— Anglesea Jnc. (OHB), Bennett (S), Cape Mav, Cape May Pt. (S). SPHENOPHOLIS. Key to the Species. a. Spikelets with a conspicuous bent awn. S- palustris, p. 230 aa. Spikelets not awned. b. Culm erect, densely flowered and spike-like. c. Sheaths and leaves glabrous. 5". obtusata, p. 230 cc. Sheaths and sometimes leaves pubescent. S. 0. pubescens, p. 230 bb. Culm slender, inflorescence lax, loosely flowered. c. Glumes nearly the same length, one narrow, one broad. 5". nitida, p. 230 cc. Narrow glume much shorter than the obovate one. .S". pollens, p. 230 * Deschampsia ccespitosa Linnaeus. (Aira ccespitosa Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 64. 1753 [Europe]). The only evidence of the occurrence of this grass within our limits is Dr. Knieskern's statement that it occurs in "damp places" in Ocean and Mon- mouth Counties "rare." I have seen no specimens. To the north it has been found along the Delaware above the Water Gap. Sphenopholis obtusata (Alichx.). Blunt-scaled Eatonia. .-lira obtusata Alichaux, FI. Bor. Am. I. 62. 1803 [Carolina and Florida]. Eatonia obtusata Britten 293. — Keller and Brown 50. Several stations in the northern counties and soutlnvard alono- the Coastal strip to Cape May. PL — Earlv June into July. Middle District. — Farmingdale. Coast Strip. — Beach Haven (L), Spray Beach (L), Stone Harbor, Cape May (OHB). Sphenopholis obtusata pubescens Scribner and Merrill. St^JicHOpliolis obtusata pubescens Scribner and Merrill, Circ. U. S. Dept. Agr. 2"/, p. 6. I goo [ Stack ville, Miss.]. Along the Coast strip apparently as frequent as the last. Fl. — Early June into July. Coast Strip. — Surf City (L), Spray Beach (L), Sherburn's (L). Sphenopholis nitida Spreng. Slender Eatonia. Aira nitida Sprengel, Fl. Hal. Mant. I. 2i2- 1807 [Pennsylvania]. Eatonia Dudlcyi Britton 293. Eatonia nitida Keller and Brown 50. One record for Hunterdon County, locally in the Middle district. Sandy ground. Fl. — Early Alay to mid-June. Middle District. — Mickleton, Swedesboro, Tomlin, Riddleton, Auburn. Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.). Pale Eatonia. Fl. XIV., Fig. 5. Aira pallens Sprengel, Fl. Hal. Mant. I., p. 2>?:- 1807 [Pennsylvania]. Eatonia Pennsylvanica Britton 293. Shady ground ; common in the northern counties, ranging southward in the Middle district. Fl. — Late ]May to early July. Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Delair, Camden (Bassett),^ Medford (S), Washington Park, Sewell (S), Alickleton (XY) Swedesboro, Millville (S), Buckshutem. Sphenopholis palustris (Michx.). Marsh Eatonia. Avena palustris Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 72. 1803 [Georgia and Carolina]. —Barton Fl. Phila. I. 69. 1818. Trisetuni pennsylvanicum Britton 290. — Keller and Brown 45. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 231 Moist open ground in the northern counties, southwiard locally in the Aliddle and Cape May districts. Mr. Long refers the Farmingdale specimen to var. ftexuosa Scribn. Fl. — Late May to late June. Middle District. — Farmingdale, Clementon, Medford (S), Lindenwold (S), Mickleton, Pitman, Swedesboro. Cape May. — Cold Spring. DANTHONIA De Candolle. Key to the Species. a. Awned flower scale, notched at the end with triangular pointed tips. D. s pic at a, p. 231 aa. Awned flower scale with tips prolonged into slender bristles. b. Awned scale, silky hairy. D. sericca, p. 231 bb. Awned scale, glabrous. D. cpilis, p. 232 Danthonia spicata (L.).* Wild Oat Grass. PI. VIII., Fig. 5. Avena spicata Linnaeus, Sp. PL 80. 1753 [Pennsylvania]. Danthonia spicata Knieskern 39. — Britton 291. Dry sandy ground ; common except in the Pine Barrens. Fl. — Late May to late June. Middle District. — Farmingdale (S), New Egypt, Asbury. Medford (S), Albion, Glassboro (S), Swedesboro, Riddleton, Husted (S), Centerton (S). Pine Barrens. — Winslow, Speedwell (S). Coasi Strip.— West Creek (S), Peermont (S). Cape May. —Cape May (OHB). Danthonia sericea Nutt. Silky Wild Oat Grass. Danthonia sericea Nuttall, Gen. I. 71. 1818 [Carolina to Florida]. — Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 65. 1818.— Willis 75.— Gray Manual Ed. V. 640. . 1867.— Britton 291. Danthonia glumosa Knieskern 39. Frequent in the Pine Barrens in dry sandy soil, and locally in the lower part .of the Middle district. Fl. — Late May to late June. Middle District.— Spring Garden (NB), Lindenwold, Gibbsboro, Tomlin- sons, Williamstown (KB), Sicklerville (S). * Specimens from within our limits referred to D. comprcssa and all refer- able to D. spicata, so far as I have been able to examine them. :>Z2 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Pme Barrens. — Manchester (C), Browns Mills, Speedwell (S), Albion, Cedar Brook, Waterford (P), White Horse (P), Landisville, Winslow Jnc, Hammonton, Atsion (P), Quaker Bridge, Batsto, Folsom, Egg Harbor City (P), Mays Landing, Dennisville (P). Coast Strip. — Ocean Beach (C). Danthonia epilis Sci'ibu. Smooth Wild Oat Grass. Danthonia epilis Scribner, U. S. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30, p. 7 [n. n. for D. glabra Nash nee Philippi— Little Stone Mt., Ga.]. Restricted to the Pine Barren region, which marks the north- ern limit of the species. Abundant on natural bogs, growing in the wet sphagnum en- tirely different in habitat from the preceding, and very distinct. Fl. — Probably late May to late June. Pine Barrens. — Forked River, Three mi. S. E. of Chatsworth, Three mi. N. of Atsion. SPARTINA Schreber. Key to the Species. a. Glumes unequal, shorter one equal to flower scales. S. michauxiana, p. 232 aa. Glumes unequal, shorter one-half as long as flower scales. b. Both glumes scabrous on the keel. c. Leaves 12 mm. wide or more. 5. cynosur aides, p. 233 cc. Leaves not over 6 mm. wide. S. patens, p. 233 bb. Shorter glume glabrous. c. Spikelets overlapping. S. glabra pilosa, p. 234 cc. Spikelets more remote, barely overlapping. 5. g. alter\nifolia, p. 234 Spartina michauxiana Hitchc. Tall Marsh Grass. Spartina michauxiana Hitchcock, Contr. Nat. Herb. XH. 3. 153 [new name for Trachynotia cynosuroides Michx. nee Dactylis cynosuroides L. [Illi- nois]. Spartina cynosuroides Britton 283.— Keller and Brown 47. Larger rivers along the coast, extending inland to Ham- monton. Casual also in Bergen and Hunterdon Counties. PI — Mid-July into September. Panicles persist through autumn. Coast Strip.— 'Pt. Pleasant (S), Seaside Park (S), Toms River (S), Bar- negat Pier, Forked River, "Manahawkin, Barnegat, Tucker's (L), Wegt Creek, Absecon, Longport (Ha), Ocean City (S), N. of Weekstown, Hammonton, Town Bank (OHB). PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 233 Spartina cynosuroides (L.). Salt Reed Grass. PI. XV., Fig. I. Dactylus cynosuroides Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 71. 1753 [Virginia, Canada and Lousi- tania]. Spartina polystachya Knieskern 38. — Willis 73. — Britton 283.— Keller and Brown 47. Common on the edges of salt marshes and along brackish creeks ; not extending inland, as does the preceding. PL — Early August into September. Panicles persist through autumn. Maritime. — Forked River, Seaside Park, Manahawkin, Surf City (L), Barnegat City (L), Barnegat City Jnc. (L), Absecon, Atlantic City, Palermo, Cedar Bonnet (L), Dennisville, Cape May (OHB), Sluice Creek, Upper English Creek (T), Salem. Spartina patens Ait. Salt Meadow Grass. Plate XV., Fig. 5. Dactylis patens Aiton, Hort. Kew. I. 104. 1789 [North America]. Spartina juncea Muhlenberg Cat. 8. 1813. — Muhlenberg Gram. 54. 1817. — Knieskern 38. — Willis 73. — Britton 283. Spartina patens Keller and Brown 47. Abundant all over the salt meadows. This grass, along with Distichlis spicata and J uncus gerardi forms the bulk of the low even vegetation that covers the firmer parts of the salt meadows, the mass of tangled roots of the three species being mainly responsible for holding together the black mud and sand which form the meadows. Dondia, Salicornia, and other salt marsh plants occur in more sandy spots, and along the creeks is a taller growth of Spartina glabra, but the green carpet which covers miles upon miles of our coastal marshes consists mainly of the three species above mentioned, and the "salt hay" that the farmers along the shore are in the habit of gathering is composed of the same plants. Hay-making in the autumn is a common sight on the "mead- ows," and once or twice I have seen the crop being hauled in in mid-winter. The more robust form regarded as a species, S. juncea by Merrill (Bull. PI. Indust. U. S. Dept. Agr. IX 12, 1902), originallv described as Trachynotia juncea by Michaux (Fl. _\U REPORT OF XKW IKRSHV STATF. MUSEUM. Bor. Am. I 64, 1803 — Carolina and Georgia) apparently occurs in sandy localities near the marshes, but I cannot satisfactorily separate it from the typical form. Fl. — Early Inly to late September. Maritime. — Sandy Hook, Deal, Pt. Pleasant, Barnegat Pier, Surf City (L), Barnegat City (L), Beach Haven (L), St. Albans (L) Harvey Cedars (L), Spray Beach (L), Atlantic City, Ocean City, Palermo (S), Estelville, Stone Harbor. Anglesea, Cape May, Salem, Beaver Dam, Dias Creek (S), Cold Spring (S). Spartina glabra pilosa Merrill. Smooth Marsh Grass. Sparfina glabra pilosa Merrill, Bull. PI. Indust. U. S. Dept. Agr. IX., p. 9. 1902 [Atlantic City, N. J.] Spartina glabra Knieskern 38. Spartina stricta var. glabra Britton 283. Spartina stricta Keller and Brown 47. Common along creeks and ditches on the salt marshes of the coast and Delaware Bay. PL — Late July to mid-September. Maritime.— Deal Beach, Pt. Pleasant, Forked River, Beach Haven (L), St. Albans (L), Half Way House south of Bond's (L), Marsh Elder Isl. (L), Anchoring Isl. (L), Ocean City (S), Palermo, Stone Harbor (S), Wildwood, Holly Beach (T), Cold Spring (S), Dennis (S), Salem (P). Spartina glabra alterniflora (Lois.). Spartina alternitlora Lois, Fl. Gall. II. 719. [Circa Baionam at Ripas Aturi]. Spartina stricta var. maritima Britton 283. Spartina stricta alterniftora Keller and Brown 47. Spartina glabra alterniflora Merrill, Bull. PI. Indust. U. S. Dept. Agri. IX., p. 12, 1902. Similar situations to- those occupied by the last, but less abundant. Maritime. — Seaside Park, Atlantic City, Cape May (S), Salem (S). GYMNOPOGON Beauvois. Key to the Species. a. Spikes bearing spikelets for their whole length. G. ambiguus, p. 234 aa. Spikes bearing spikelets only beyond the middle. G. brcvifolius, p. 235 Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.). Broad-leaved Gymnopogon. PI. IX., Fig. 6. Andropogon ambiguus IVIichaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 58. 1803 [Carolina]. — Muh- lenberg, Cat. 94. 1813.— Muhlenberg Gram. 285. 181 7. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 235 Anthropogon Lepturoides Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 71. 1818. Gymiiopogon racemosus Willis -j,- — Torrey Flora U. S. I. 99. 1824. Gymnopogon ainbiguiis Britton 292. — Keller and Brown 47. Locally through the lower part of the Middle district and in the Cape May peninsula, in dry ground. Also at one or two points in the Pine Barrens, where it has probably entered along the rail-roads. New Egypt seems to be the northern limit of its range, as it is not know^n north of our region. Fl. — Early August to mid-September. Middle District.— ^ew Egypt. Griffith's (P), Springdale (S), Lindenwold (S), Clarksboro (NB), Mickleton, Tomlin (S), Clementon, Berlin (S), Al- bion, Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Hammonton. Cape May. — Court House (S), Anglesea Jnc, Whitesboro (S). Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. Short-leaved Gymnopogon. Gymnopogon brevifolius Trinius, Unifl. 238. 1824 [Delaware]. — Britton Man- ual 122. igoT. — Stone Torreya 1907, 39. — Keller and Brown 47. Dry ground in the Middle and Cape May districts. Rare. Known from only two^ localities. Originally discovered in the State by Mr. Chas. D. Lippincott, near Swedesboro. Trinius quotes this species as "Anthopogon brevifolius Nutt- all," and probably the name should be so credited. So far as I am aware, Nuttall never published it, but very likely sent out specimens with this name in manuscript. Fl. — Late August to mid-Olctober. Middle District. — Two and a half miles north of Swedesboro. Cape May. — Cold Spring, Bennett. PHRAGMITES Trinius. Phragmites phragmites (L.). Reed. PL XL, Fig. 2. Arnndo phragmites Linnjeus, Sp. PI. 81. 1753 [Europe]. Phragmites coniniunis Knieskern 39. — Willis 75. Phragmites vulgaris Britton 293. Phragmites phragmites Keller and Brown 48. Open swamps usually growing in water, locally throughout the State except in the Pine Barrens. 236 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. The Reed is most plentiful in our region along the coast in swamps lying back of the salt marshes. It often covers large areas, looking at a distance like growing corn. Fl. — Mid-August into September. Middle District. — Kaighns Pt, Beaver Dam, Pen Bryn (S) [Iniroduced?]. Coast Strip.— Sd^n^y Hook, Avon, Pt. Pleasant, Bay Head (N. Y.), Sea- side Park, Barnegat City (L), N. Beach Haven (L), Peahala (L), Sea Isle City (H), Holly Beach (UP), Court House, Cold Spring (OHB), Cape May (S), South Dennis *(S), Sluice Creek (S).- TRIDENS Roemer and Schultz. Tridens flavus (L.). Tall Red-top. PI. XHL, Fig. 3. Poa Aava Linnaeus, Sp. PL 68. 1753 [Virginia]. Tricuspis seslerioides Knieskern 38. — Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 118. 1824. Triodia seslerioides Britton 292. Plentiful in dry soil in the Northern, Middle and Cape May districts and all along the coastal strip, but not found in the Pine Barrens, except where it follows up the tide water creeks. Fl. — Early August to early September. Middle District.— tiew Egypt, Medford (S), Oaklyn (S), Albion, W. Dept- ford, Swedesboro, Beaver Dam. Coast Strip. — Forked River, Beach Haven (L), Pleasant Mills, Atlantic City, Sea Isle City (S), Five-Mile Beach. Cape May. — Three miles west of Court House (S), S. Dennis (S), Cape May (OHB). TRIPLASIS Beauvois. Triplasis purpurea (Walt.). Sand Grass. PI. VIII., Fig. 3- Aira purpurea Walter, Fl. Car. 78. 1788 [South Carolina]. Tricuspis purpurea Knieskern 38. — Willis 73. Triplasis purpurea Britton 292. — Keller and Brown 48. Sandy ground or pure sand common along the coast strip and in the lower part of the Middle district, and less abundant in the Pine Barrens. Fl. — Early August to late September. Middle District. — Griffith's Swamp, Kaighns Pt., Washington Park (S), Lindenwold (S), Lawnside (S), Westville, Woodbury, Mantua. Pine Barrens. — Browns Mills, Clementon, Albion, Atsion (S), Pleasant Mills (S). Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Barnegat City (L), St. Albans (L), Sherburn's (L), Atlantic City, Ocean City (S), Piermont, Cape May (OHB). PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 237 DIPLACHNE Beauvois. Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.). Salt Meadow Diplachne. Poa fasiculata Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 107 [N. Y. City] 1824. Septochloa fascicularis Willis 73. Diplachne fascicularis Britton 292. — Kellar and Brown 48. Edges of the salt mieadows along the coast. Not abundant. Fl. — Mid-August to mid-October. Maritime. — Barnegat City (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Atlantic City (P), Sea Isle City, Wildwood, Cape May. ERAGROSTIS Beauvois. Key to ihe Species. a. Culms creeping. E. hypnoides, p. 238 aa. Culms not creeping. h. Much branched and decumbent at base, spikelets dull purplish or lead colored. c. Spikelets 2-5 flowered, not over 3 mm. long. E. capillaris, p. 237 cc. Spikelets 5 to many flowered, 3-15 mm. long. d. Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide. E. pilosa, p. 237 dd. Spikelets 2 mm. [E. major]* bb. Simple and erect, rigid spikelets, bright redish purple. c. Sheaths sparingly pilose. E. pectinacea, p. 238 cc. Sheaths glabrous. E. p. spectabilis, p. 238 Eragrostis capillaris (L.). Hair-like Eragrostis. Poa capillaris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 68. 1753 [Virginia and Canada]. Poa hirsuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 80. 1814. Eragrostis capillaris Knieskern 38. — Britton 294. — Keller and Brown 49. Drv ground, local ; known f romi four localities in the northern counties and three in the Middle district. Ft. — Mid- August to early October. Middle District. — Camden, Birmingham, Swedesboro. Eragrostis pilosa (L.). Tufted Eragrostis. PI. XIIL, Fig. 2. Poa pilosa Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 68. 1753 [Italy]. Poa tenella Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 80. 1814. Eragrostis pilosa Knieskern, 38.— Britton 293.— Keller and Brown, 49. Eragrostis Purshii Britton 294.— Keller and Brown 49. * Strong-scented Eragrostis, a weed in waste ground. 238 REPORT OF XKW JERSEY STATE ML'SEUM. Common throughout the Middle and coast districts, and occa- sional in the northern counties and Pine Barrens. In part, at least, introduced. ' FI. — Late June to late September. Middle District.— ^q\\ Egjpt, Delaire (S), Kaighns Pt.. Mullica Hill (NB), Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst. Coast Strip.— Pt. Pleasant, Surf City (L). Barnegat City (L), Beach Haven (L), Wiidwood (KB), bias Creek (S). Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.). Purple Eragrostis. PI. IX., Fig. 5- Poa pectinacea Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 69. 1803 [Illinois]. — Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. I. 81. 1814. Erargostis pectinacea Britton 294. Dry ground throughout the State, except the Pine Barrens, where it occurs only along railroads. This is one of those grasses that seems to thrive in cultivated ground and tends to become a weed. Fl. — Late July to mid- September. Middle District.— New 'Egypt, Birmingham, Kaighns Pt., Albion, Mickle- ton, Swedesboro, Dividing Creek. Pine Barrens. — Bamber, Landisville. Coast Strip. —Seaside Park, Manahawkin, Atlantic City (S), Ocean City (S). Sea Isle City (S), Cape May (OHB). Eragrostis pectinacea spectabilis Gray. Coast Eragrostis. Eragrostis spectabilis Gray Man. Ed. I. 598. 1848 [Mass. to Penna. near the coast]. Along the sand dunes of the coast, frequent. Fl. — Early August to late September. Man7f/»^.— Waretown, Surf City (L), N. Beach Haven (L), Sher- burn's (L). Atlantic City (S), Ocean City (S), Sea Isle City (S). Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.). Creeping Eragrostis. Pon hypnoides Lamarck, Tabl. Encycl. I. 185. 1791 [South America].— Eragrostis hypnoides Britton 293. — Keller and Brown 49. Found only along the shores of the Delaware or its vicinity from Warren to Salem Counties; local. Fl. — Late Julv into October. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 239 Middle District.— Kaighns Pt. (KB), Petty's Isl. (P), Swedesboro, Rid- dleton. UNIOLA L. Uniola laxa (L.). Slender Spike Grass. PI. XIV., Fig. 6. Holcus laxus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1048. 1753 [Virginia and Canada]. Uniola gracilis Muhlenberg, Gram. 157. 1817. — Barton Fl. Phila. II. 220. 1818. — Torrey Fl. N. Y. 19. 1819 — Knieskern 39. — Willis 75. Uniola laxa Britton 294. — Keller and Brown 50. Common throughout the Middle and Cape May districts and on the Coastal strip, also' at South Amboy to^ the northward. Absent from the Pine Barrens. Pi. — Early August to early September. Middle District.— Keyport (NB), New Egypt, Westmont (S), Griffith's Swamp, Medford (S), Washington Park (S), Lawnside (S), Lindenwold, Mickleton (NB), Tomlin, Clementon (S), Swedesboro, Salem (S), Divid- ing Creek. Coast Strip.— Long Branch, Pt. Pleasant (S), Bay Head (NY), Man- ahawkin, Coxe's, Beesley's Pt. (S), Five-Mile Beach, Sea Isle Jnc. (S). Cape May. — Court House, Bennett (S). DISTICHLIS Rafinesque. Distichlis spicata (L.). Marsh Spike Grass. PI. VIII., Fig. 2. Uniola spicata Linnaeus, Sp. PL 71. 1753 [North America]. Brizopyriim spicatum Knieskern 38. — ^Willis 74. Distichlis spicata Britton 284. — Keller and Brown 50. Salt meadows along the coast ; common. Fl. — ^Mid-August into September. MonVm^.— Sandy Hook (NB), Deal Beach, Pt. Pleasant, Waretown, Barnegat City (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Barnegat City Jnc. (L), Beach Haven (L), Cedar Bonnet (L), Atlantic City, Ocean City (S), Sea Isle City, Wildwood, Piermont, Cape May (S), Dennis ville (S). POA L. Key to the Sfeeies. a. Culms tufted. b. Low, not more than 2 dm. high. [P- annua]* bb. Taller, 3-9 dm. high. Low Spear Grass. Common in lawns and waste ground. 240 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. c. Basal leaves nearly equalling panicle, upper stem leaves very short, spikelets 5-7 mm. long. P. hrachyphylla, p. 240 cc. Basal leaves much shorter than panicle. d. Spikelets 3 mm. long, culm scabrous below panicle. [P. trivialis]^ dd. Spikelets 4-5 mm. long, culm smooth. [P. pratensis]t aa. Culms not tufted, bluish green, panicle contracted. [P. cot>tpressa]% Poa brachyphylla Schultes. Short-leaved Spear Grass. Poa brachyphylla Schultes, Mant. II : 304. 1824. n. n. for P. brevifolia Muhl. nee Gaud. [Pennsylvania]. This species was only known from Warren and Hunterdon Counties until discovered by Mr. O. H. Brown at Cape May, though I amj inclined to think that the P. alsodes of Dr. Knies- kern's catalogue, which he says occurs on the "borders of woods, not common," belongs here. It was later found in west Jersey by Mr. Long. F/.— Mid- April to early May. Middle District. — Bordentown. Cape May. — Cape May. PANICULARIA Fabricius. Key to the Species. a. Spikelets not over 7 mm. long. b. Panicle dense, club-shaped, spike-like, 75-100 mm. long. P. obtusa, p. 241 bb. Panicle open, spreading. c. Spikelets 3-4 mm. wide, becoming whitish or straw color. d. Spikelets larger, 5-10 flowered. P. canadensis, p. 241 dd. Spikelets smaller, 3-5 flowered. P. laxa, p. 241 cc. Spikelets less than 2.5 mm. wide. d. 3-4 mm. long, purplish, branches of panicle drooping. P. nervata, p. 241 dd. 4-6 mm. long, green, branches of panicle erect. P. grandis, p. 243 ddd. 6-7 mm. long, pale green or whitish. P. pallida, p. 242 aa. Spikelets 12 mm. long or more. b. Flowers obtuse. P. septentrionalis, p. 242 bb. Flowers acute. P. aciitiUora, p. 242 t Rough Meadow Grass. Introduced in meadows and waste ground. ± Blue Grass. Cultivated for hay and abundantly naturalized. PI. VII., Fig. 2. § Wire Grass. Common in waste ground, fields, etc. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 241 Panicularia canadensis (Michx.).* Rattlesnake Grass. PI. XV.. Fig. 3. Brisa Canadensis Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 71. 1803 [Canada]. — Barton, Fl. Phila., I. 63. 1818. Glyceria canadensis Knieskern 38. — Britton 295. Swamps of the Northern and Middle districts, common ; rarely in the Pine Barrens. Fl. — Mid-June to mid- July. Middle District.— 'Farmmgdale, New Egypt, Riverside, Pemberton (C), Birmingham, Fish House, Haddonfield (S), Griffith's Swamp, Gibbstown (NB), Elm (C), Kirkwood (C), Mickleton, Clementon (S), Albion, Sickler- ville (S), Gloucester, Salem (C), Beaver Dam. Pine Barrens. — Bamber, Landisville, Vineland. Panicularia obtusa (Muhl.). Blunt Manna Grass. PI. XV., Fig. 4. Poa obtusa Muhlenberg, Gram. 147. 1817 [Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New England].— Barton, Fl. Phila., I. 62. 1818.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 112. 1824. Glyceria obtusa Knieskern 38. — Britton 295. Panicularia obtusa Keller and Brown 52. Swamps and bogs throughout our region and locally in Hud- son and Middlesex Counties to the north. Fl. — Early July to late August and sporadically into October. Middle District. — Farmingdale (S), Hartford, Birmingham, Delaire, Fish House, Griffith's Swp., Westmont (S), Lindenwold (S), Repaupo, Tomlin (S), Mickleton (NY), Paulsboro, Sicklerville (S), Swedesboro. Pine Barrens. — Allaire, Lakehurst, Toms River (S), Bear Swamp (S), Hammonton, Parkdale (S), Egg Harbor City, Eighth St. (T). Cape May.—Qreen Creek, Cold Spring (OHB). Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Nerved Manna Grass. Poa nervata Willdenow, Sp. PI. I. 389. 1798 [North America].— Barton, Fl. Phila., I. 61. 1818. Glyceria nervata Knieskern 38. — Britton 296. * Panicularia laxa Scribner (Bull. Torr. Club XXL, Z7- 1894.— Mt. Desert, Me.), is reported from Mickleton and Swedesboro. Specimens in the Acad- emy herbarium show smaller spikelets, but I cannot find in this character or in those advanced by Prof. Fernald (Rhodora 1910, p. 135) sufficient constancy to make the recognition of this form desirable .so far as local material is concerned. At most it can only be regarded as a sub-species. It was col- lected by Mr. Heritage at Mickleton before it was described by Scribner. 16 MUS 242 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Swamps; common in the Northern and Middle (hstricts ; very rare in the I'ine Barrens and occasional in the Cai>e May penin- sula. Fl. — Mid-May to mid-June. Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Delanco, Browns Mills, Med- ford (S), Washington Park, Mickleton, Sewell (S), Albion, Pitman, Glass- boro (S), Swedesboro, Yorktown. Pine Barrens. — Speedwell. Cape May. — Cold Spring. Panicularia pallida (Torr.). Pale Manna Grass. Windsoria pallida Torrcy, Cat. N. Y. Plants 91. 1819 [swamp behind Elgin Garden, N. Y., and Pine Barrens of N. J.]. Glyceria pallida Knieskern 38. — Britton 296. Poa dentata Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 107. 1824. Frequent in shady swamps or streams of the northern Middle and Cape May districts, often growing- in the water. Rare in the Pine Barrens. Fl. — Mid-May to mid-June, and sporadically during July and August. Middle District.— Delanco, Kaighns Pt., Repaupo, Mickleton, Sicklerville, Glassboro (S), Riddleton, Centerton (S). Pine Barrens. — Winslow Jnc, Landisville, Richland, Woodbine (S). Cape ilfcy.— Bennett, Nummeytown (S), Cold Spring (OHB). Panicularia septentrionalis (Hitchc). Floating Manna Grass. PI. IX., Fig. 4- Glyceria sepientrionalis^ Hitchcock, Rhodora 1906. 211 [Guttenburg, N. J.]. Festuca iiuitans Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 66. 1818. Glyceria Aiiitans Knieskern 38. — Britton 296. Swamps, usually growing in water. Frequent, except in the Pine Barrens. Fl. — Late May to early July, and sporadically through the summer. Middle District. — Riddleton. Coast Strip. — Stone Harbor, Anglesea.' Cape May.— Cape May (OHB). Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.). Sharp-scaled Manna Grass. Glyceria acutiflora Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 104 [New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts]. — Willis 74. — Glyceria hrevifolia Britton 296. Panicularia acutiAora Keller and Brown 53. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 243 Locally in swamps of the Northern and Middle districts and coast strip. Fl. — Early June to mid-July, sporadically into August. Middle District.— Cooper's Pt, Merchantville (P), Gloucester (P), Mickleton (NB). Pine Barrens. — Waterford (P). Coast Strip. — Manahawkin. Panicularia grandis (Wats.). Reed Meadow Grass. Glyceria grandis Watson, Gray's Man. Ed. 6. 667. i8go [New England to Minnesota, etc.]. Glyceria arundinacea Britton 296. A northern species probably now extinct within our limits, but represented in the State herbarium at New Brunswick by one specimen collected many years ago at Cooper's Bridge, by Mr. E. Diffenbaugh. Middle District.— Cooper's Bridge (NB). Coll. by E. Diffenbaugh, 1863. PUCCINELLIA Parlatore. Puccinellia fasciculata (Terr.). Spreading Meadow Grass. Poa fasciculata Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 107. 1824 [Salt marshes about N. Y. City]. Glyceria distans Britton 296. Puccinellia distans Keller and Brown 53. Borders of salt marshes on the coast. FL — Late May into September. Maritime.— Suri City (L), Barnegat City (L), Spray Beach (L), Absecon (NB), Cape May, Fortesque Beach (NB). FESTUCA L. Key to the Species, a. Short, erect grasses, 1-6 dm. high, with involute wiry leaves, and green- ish or reddish, usually contracted panicles. b. Flower scales with an awn of equal length. F. octoflora, p. 244 bb. Flower scales, awnless or awn much shorter than the scale. c. Plant over 3 dm. in height, panicle reddish.. P. rubra, p. 244 cc. Plant less than 3 dm. in height, panicle green. [P. ovinaY aa. Taller plants 6-15 dm. high, with flat, green leaves. b. Branches of panicle short and erect, spikelets 5-10 flowered. [P. elatior]* bb. Branches of panicle long and drooping, spikelets mostly near the ends, T,'6 flowered. P- nutans, p. 244 ^ Sheep Fescue Grass, occasionally established in waste ground. = TaIl Fescue Grass, frequent in fields, etc. PI. XIV., Fig. i. _'44 HHPORT OF NEW TERSKY STATE MUSEUM. Festuca octoflora Walt. Slender Fescue Grass. PI. XIV., Fig. I. Festuca octoflora Walter, Fl. Car. 8i. 1788 [South Carolina]. — Britton 296. — Keller and Brown 53. Festuca tcnclla Knieskern 39. Dry sandy soil, casual in the nnrthern counties, frequent throughout our region. ri. — Mid-May to mid-June. Middle District.— Delanco (S), Medford (S), Mickleton. Pine Barrens. — E. Plains (S), Tabernacle (S), Cedar Brook, Landisville, Pleasant Mills, Tuckahoe. Coast 5fn>.— Beach Haven (L), N. Beach Haven (L), Barnegat City (L). Festuca rubra L. Red Fescue Grass. Festuca rubra Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 74. 1753 [Europe]. Sandy ground along the coast marshes. This is one of several plants of wide distribution which occur along the coast, and are often regarded as introductions from Europe. Some of them grow under such conditions as to make them appear certainly native, while in the case of others the evidence is less convincing. It has been thought best to include them all. Fl. — Late May to mid-June. ManixOT^.— Sherburn's (L), Surf City (L), Spray Beach (L), Peahala (L), Beach Haven (L), Barnegat City (L), Holgate's (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L). Festuca nutans Spreng. Nodding Fescue Grass. Festuca nutans Sprengel, Fl. Hal. Mantissa 34. 1807 [Pennsylvania]. — Knies- kern 39. — Willis 74. — Britton 297. Rocky woods of the northern counties and southward in the Middle district. Fl. — Late May to early June. Middle District.— Vemh^xton (C), Medford (S), Mickleton, Svvcdesboro. BROMUS L. Key to the Species. a. Plant tall, 2-5 feet high (in woodlands), flowers pubescent, panicle weak and drooping. B. purgans, p. 245 aa. Plants lower, rarely over two feet high (waste ground plants). PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN. NEW JERSEY. 245 Bromus purgans L. Wood Chess. Bronius purgans Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 76. 1753 [Canada]. Bromus ciliatus Knieskern 39.^ — Britton 297. Woods of the northern counties, casually entering the upper pait of Monmouth Co., according to Knieskern, and discovered, by Mr. Benjamin Heritage at Wildwood in the lower coast dis- trict. Coast Strip: — Wildwood (H). ELYMUS L. Key to the Species. a. Glumes awl-shaped, spike nodding. E- striattis, p. 245 aa. Glumes lanceolate. b. Glumes indurated below, spikes erect. c. Plant seldom over 6 dm. high, leaves narrow. E- halophiliis, p. 245 cc. Plant 9-12 dm. high, leaves broad. E. virginicus, p. 245 bb. Glumes not indurated below, spike nodding. E. canadensis, p. 246 Eiymus striatus Willd. Slender Wild Rye. PI. XL, Fig. 4. Eiymus striatus Willdenow, Sp. PI. L 470. 1797 [North America]. — Knies- kern 39. — Britton 299. — Keller and Brown 56. Northern counties, south locally in the Middle district and along the coastal strip; banks of streams. Fl. — I^ate June to late July. Middle District.— Swedeshovo, Westville. Coast Strip. — Atlantic City, Anglesea, Cape May. Eiymus virginicus L. Virginia Wild Rye. PL XL, Fig. 6. Eiymus virginicus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 84. 1753 [Virginia]. — Knieskern 39.— Beck's Botany 415. 1833. — Britton 298. Northern and Middle districts, casual along the coast and in the Cape May peninsula; banks of streams. Fl. — Late July to early September. Middle Dwfncf.— New Egypt, Pemberton Jnc. (S), Medford (S), Wash- ington Park, Jumbo, Swedesboro. Coast Strip.— Avon, Anglesea, Court House, Cold Spring. Eiymus halophilus Bicknell. Coast Wild Rye. Eiymus halophilus Bicknell, Torr. Bull. 35- Apr., 1908, p. 201 [Nantucket]. 246 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Edge of salt marshes along' the coast and on the lower bay- shore. Fl. — Late July to early September. Maritime. — Sandy Hook (NB), Pt. Pleasant, Manahawkin. Surf City (L), Barnegat City Jnc. (L), Beach Haven (L), Harvey Cedars (L), Pea- hala (L), Ship Bottom (L), Atlantic City (NB), Cape May Ct. House, Dias Creek. Elymus canadensis L. Nodding Wild Rye. Ely mils canadensis Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 83. 1753 [Canada]. — Knieskern 39. — Willis 75.— Britton 298. River banks, Northern and Middle districts. Fl. — Early July to early September, or occasionally later. Middle District. — Shark River (C), Delair, Swedesboro. HYSTRIX Moench. Hystrix hystrix (L.). Bottle-brush Grass. Elymus Hystrix Linnasus, Sp. PI. Ed. 2. 124. 1762 [original habitat un- known]. — Britton 299. — Keller and Brown 57. Rocky woods of the northern counties ; reported by Dr. Britton from one station in the Middle district. Middle District. — Arneytown (C). Family CYPERACEiE. Sedges. Distinguished from Grasses by their usually solid, more or less triangular stems and closed sheaths to the leaves. Fruit an achene. Flozvcring and Fruiting Data. — ^In all the genera of this family, except Cy perils and Car ex (q. v.) and certain special cases noted under individual species, the time of year indicates the season during which well developed (and generally mature) achenes are commonly to be found and intact spikelets occur. Key to Genera. a. Flowers all of one kind, perfect. b. Spikelets two-ranked. c. Flattened or linear, arranged in terminal umbles, in loose spikes or spherical clusters. Cyperus. p. 248 cc. Flattened, arranged in two ranks on peduncles from the axils of the short leaves, inflorescens extending for same distance along the culm. Dulichium, p. 256 PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 247 bb. Spikelets cylindrical or ovate with flowers on all sides, not two-ranked. c. No apparent leaves (reduced to mere sheaths). Eleocharis, p. 257 d. Leaves present. e. Inflorescence in compact heads, provided with soft silky or cotton-like white or whitish hairs, which become long and plume-like in autumn. Eriophorum, p. 273 ee. Inflorescence not provided with white or whitish hairs. /. Flowers i to 2 (rarely 3-4) in a spike. g. Achene, with a conspicuous beak or cap distinctly dif- ferent from the main portion. Rynchospora, p. 275 gg. Achene uniform throughout, no beak. Cladiiim, p. 282 ff. Flowers numerous, always more than four in a spikelet. g. Lowest leaves at least (often whole plant), hispid. Fuirena, p. 274 gg. Leaves never hispid. /;. Spikelets i or 2-12 sessile in a terminal cluster. Scirpus, p. 266 hh. Spikelets pedicelled, or at least some of them, sometimes several on each pedicel. i. Plant less than 3.7 dm. high. /. Leaves filiform, shorter than the inflo- rescence. Stcnophyllis, p. 265 ij. Leaves linear, flat. k. Spikes half a line wide, leaves much shorter than the inflorescence. FimbrystiUs autumnalis, p. 265 kk. Spikes one line wide, leaves equalling inflorescence. Psilocaria, p. 265 ii. Plants more than 6 dm. high. y. Leaves rigid, involute. FimbrystiUs castanca, p. 265 jj. Leaves not involute. Scirpus, p. 266 aa. Flowers of two kinds, some staminate, some pistillate. b. Achene inclosed in a sack or perigynia, open at the tip and often pro- longed into a slender toothed beak. c. Staminate and pistillate flowers in distinct spikes or in different parts of the same spike. Carex, section "a," p. 285 cc. Staminate and pistillate flowers, mingled together in (or stami- nate at the base of) a terminal branching, "prickly" cluster (green or straw color) or in several scattered star-like clusters ( green). Carex, section "aa," p. 288 ccc. Staminate and pistillate flowers, mingled (staminate usually at the base) in uniform ovoid heads, clustered or usually separate, at the end of the scape ; each composed of numerous closely imbri- cated, flat achenes and scales (chestnut or green). Carex, section "aaa," p. 290 bb. Achene naked, resembling a hard, round, bony seed, supported on a hard disc, generally white and shining sometimes blackish. Sclcria, p. 282 J48 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. CYPERUS L. Flozccriiig ami h'niitiiig Data. — The time of year denotes the season ckiring which intact inflorescences, heads, and spikelets of characteristic shape, are present. Mature achenes are present some times after the season here designated, but the spikelets are then losing their characteristic shape througii the dropping of the scales. Key to the Species. a. Spikelets flat, two-ranked and closely imbricated, more than 1.5 mm. wide, sessile in radiating umbels or occasionally one or two secondary umbels on pedicels. b. Edges of the spikelet sharply and finely notched owing to the pro- jecting points of the scales. c. Scales brown with a green keel, tips very sharp, slightly mucro- nate. Head often proliferous. C. dentatus, p. 251 cc. Scales yellowish brown, tips not mucronate, not proliferous. d. Spikelets 2 mm. wide or over ; maritime. C. nuttallii, p. 250 dd. Spikelets less than 2 mm. wide, usually several short-pedi- celled umbels. C. microdontus, p. 251 bb. Edges of the spikelet nearly entire, the tips of the scales blunt and not projecting. c. Spikelets yellow or yellowish, 1.5-2.5 mm. broad. C. Havescens, p. 249 cc. Spikelets brown or green, spotted or bordered with brown. d. Spikelets 5-10 mm. long, branches of the styles projecting from the scales, secondary umbels always present. C. diandrus, p. 250 dd. Spikelets 10-20 mm. long, smooth and shining, style branches rarely visible, secondary spikelets occasional. C. rivularis, p. 250 aa. Spikelets less than 1.5 mm. wide, often terete in cylindrical spikes at least one inch long, mostly on peduncles which are usually branched and sometimes very compound, forming masses of inflorescence 1-2 dm. or more in diameter. b. Peduncles branched. c. Spikes very dense, scales falling away from the rachis of the spikelet at maturity. C. crythrorhisos, p. 252 cc. Spikes often loose, scales persistent on the rachis until the spike- let itself falls off. d. Spikelets tertetc, C. speciosns, p. 252 dd. Spikelets distinctly flattened. C. strigosus, p. 253 bb. Peduncles not branched. c. Lower spikelets not reflcxed, heads rather loose, roots with small root tubers. C. esculentus, p. 252 PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 249 cc. Lower spikelets always reflexed, forming a dense ovoid head, no root tubers. C. lancastriensis, p. 253 aaa. Spikelets in several peduncled dense umbels or short spikes (cylindrical, ovoid or top-shaped), not over 15 mm. long (exclusive of reflexed spike- lets). Spikelets less than 1.5 mm. in width, or else scales spreading and not closely imbricate and main umbel sessile, with or without secondary pedicelled umbels. b. Spikelets linear, appressed, more or less terete, prevailing color brownish. c. Umbels globular ovoid or cylindrical, spikelets not bristly pointed, only the basal ones reflexed. d. Head globular or ovoid. C. ovidaris, p. 254 dd. Head cylindrical. C. cylindriciis, p. 255 cc. Umbels ovoid or top-shaped, spikelets bristly pointed,^ mostly reflexed. d. Umbels ovoid, long. C. lancastriensis, p. 253 dd. Umbels top-shaped, 10-25 mm. long, all spikelets reflexed. e. Culms glabrous. C. hystricinus, p. 253 ee. Culms scabrous above. /. Heads obovoid, contracted at base. C. rctrofractus, p. 254 ff. Heads cylindric or subcylindric. C. dipsaciformis, p. 254 hb. Spikelets broader, scales loosely arranged, prevaiUng color green. c. Rachis of spikelet winged, secondary pedicelled umbels always present. C. grayi p. 255 cc. Rachis of spikelet not winged. d. Secondary umbels often lacking. e. Spikelets 10-16 mm. long, 8-12 flowered. C. aiiculinis, p. 256 ee. Spikelets 3-8 mm. long, 4-8 flowered. C. f. macilentus, p. 256 aaaa. Spikelets as broad as long (3-6 mm.)., sessile in compact heads in large compound umbels, forming a mass of inflorescence .5-7 dm. in diameter. C. pscudovegetus; p. 251 Cyperus flavescens L. Yellow Sedge. PI. XVI., Fig. 9. Cyperus ilavescens Linnaeus, Sp. PL 46- 1/53 [Germany, Switzerland and France.]— Knieskern 33.— Willis 67.— Britton 260.— Keller and Brown 58. Damp ground, common in our region, except in the Pine Barrens, casual in North Jersey. py_ — Early August to early October. Middle District.— Good Luck Pt. (C), New Egypt, Burlington, Kaighns Pt., Westville, Washington Park (S), Mickleton (NB), Swedcsboro (KB), Jericho. Pine Barrens.— hakehnrst, Chatsworth, Clementony Hammonton, Atsion, Mays Landing (C), Pleasant Mills. J50 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Coast Strip.— Forked River, Toms River (NB), Palermo, Sea Isle Jnc. (S), Wildwood. Cape May. — Dias Creek. Cyperus diandrus Torrey. Low Sedge. PL XVI., Fig. 14. Cypcnis diandrus Torrey Cat. PI. N. Y. 90. 1819 [Salt Meadows at Hoboken, N. J.]. — Knieskern 2i2i- — Willis 67. — Britton 260. — Keller and Brown 59. Damp ground; rare in the Middle district along the Delaware River and more frequent along- the coast. Fr. — Mid-Augaist to early October. Middle District. — Gloucester Pt., Swedesboro. Coast Strip. — Barnegat City (L), Harvey Cedars (L), Brant Beach (L), Spray Beach (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Holgate's (L), Beach Haven (L), St. Albans (L), Waretown. Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Shining Sedge. PI. XVI., Fig. 13. Cyperus rivularis Kunth Enum. 2: 6. 1837 [Georgia.] — Keller and Brown 59. Cyperus diandrus var. castaneus Knieskern 2>2- — Willis 6". — Britton 260. Damp ground ; common in the Northern and Middle districts and on the Coastal strip. Fr. — Mid-August to early October. Middle District. — New Egypt, Birmingham, Swedesboro, Fish House (S), W. Deptford. Coast Strip.— ^VLndy Hook (NB), Spring Lake (NY), Barnegat City (L), Brant Beach (L), Ship Bottom (L), Beach Haven (L), Spray Beach (L), West Creek (S), E. of Egg Harbor City, Palermo (S). Cyperus nuttallii Eddy. Nuttaii's Sedge. PI. XVI., Fig. IS. Cyperus Nuttallii Eddy, Spreng. Neue. Entd. I. 240. 1820 [Submaritime Swamps of N. J.].— Knieskern 33.— Torrey Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 252. 1836 — Willis 67. — Britton 260. — Keller and Brown 59. Cyperus minimus Barton, Flor. Phila. I. 26. 1818.— Nuttall, Gen. i. 35. 1818. Cyperus Cleaverii Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 258 [Monmouth Co., N. J.]. — Gray, Man. Ed. 2. 491. 1858. Edges of salt marshes all along the coast and on the bay shore. Fr. — Early August to early October. Maritime.— Deal Beach, Sea Bright (NB), Bay Head, Island Heights, Toms River (NB), Seaside Park (S), Waretown, Barnegat City (L), Surf City (L) Ship Bottom (L), Peahala (L), Spray Beach (L), West Creek (S), Atlantic City, Longport, Ocean City (S), Sea Isle City (S), Piermont, Wildwood, Cape May, Dennisville, Beaver Dam. PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 251 Cyperus microdontus Torr. Small-toothed Sedge. Cypertis microdontus Torrey, Am. Lye. N. Y. III.: 255. 1836 [Salem, N. C.]. — Robinson and Fernald, Gray's Man. Ed. 7, 174. — Emile F. Williams, Rhodera III. 1901, 36. Only known in the State from a specimen in the Gray herba- rium, collected by Dr. J. B. Brinton, August i, 1880. at Cape May, but labelled C. nuttallii; from Pleasant Mills, where it was discovered September 27, 1887, by Mr. C. A. Gross, possibly from the shores of Mullica River, within the limits of tidewater; and from Claypot Creek, Navesink Highlands, where it was obtained by Mr. E. F. Williams, September 2, 1900, and identi- fied by Prof. Fernald. Previously not known from north of Virginia. Pr. — Early August to early October. Coast Strip.— 'Navesink (E. F. Williams), Pleasant Mills, Cape May (Gray Herb.). Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Marsh Sedge. • PI. XVI., Fig. 7. Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud., Syn. PI. Cyp. 24. 1855 [So. Carolina]. — Stone Torreya, 1907, 40. Lower portion of the Middle district. Discovered near Riddleton, September 16, 1894. by Charles D. Lippincott. Rare. Fr. — Early July to early October. Middle District. — Riddleton. Cyperus dentatus Torr. Toothed Sedge. PI. XVI., Fig. 8. Cyperus dentatus Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 61. 1824 [Pine Barrens of New Jer- sey].— Knieskern 34.— Torrey Ann. Lye. N. Y. III.. 271. 1836.— Willis 67. — Britton 260. — Keller and Brown 59. Cyperus parvitJorus Barton. Fl. Phila. I. : 28. 1818. Wet sandy spots in the Pine Barrens and locally in the Northern and Middle districts. We have both the typical form, which has the spikelets fre- quently abortive, and the var. ctenostachys of Fernald, which seems to me to be merely a fully developed normal extreme of the same thing. Fr. — Late July to late September. 252 REPORT OI- NEW JERSEY STATIC MUSEUM. Middle Z;M-/nV/.— Burlington, Dclanco, Medford (S), Riddleton (KB), El wood (KB). Pine Barrens. — Asbury Park (NB), Bay Head, Lakehurst, Toms River, Browns Mills Jnc. (KB), Forked River (H), Warctown, Pasadena, Speed- well, Chatsworth, Taunton, Berlin, P»car Swamp, Hammonton, Atsion. Park- dale, Quaker Bridge, Batsto, Pleasant Mills, Weekstown, Egg Harbor City, Mays Landing (KB). Cyperus esculentus I^. Nut Grass. PI. XVI., Pig. i6.. Cyperus csculc))itus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 45. 1753 [Monspclii]. — Britton 260. Cyperus phymatodes Barton, Flor. Phila. I. : 27. 1818. — Willis 67. Cyperus rcpcns Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. IIL : 264. 1836. Common in open swampy ground, except in the Pine Barrens; most plentiful on the coastal strip, often increasing enormously where swamp land is cultivated. Fr. — ^^Early August to late September or earl)- October. Middle Dstrict. — Phalanx (NB), New Egypt, Lawnside (S), Swedesboro, Salem (S). Pine Barrens. — Landisville (T). Coast Strip. — Spring Lake (NB), Seaside Park, Beach Haven Terrace (L), Surf City (L), Tucker's (L), Atlantic City (S), Palermo (S), Ocean City (S), Mays Landing, Sea Isle Jnc. (S), Piermont, Anglesea, Cold Spring, Cape May (S), Cape May Pt. (S). Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Red-rooted Sedge. PI. XVI., Fig. 12. Cyperus crytlirorhizos Muhlenljcrg, Gram. 20. 1817 [Pennsylvania]. — 'Willis 67.— Britton 261. Locally in swampy ground of the Middle and Coast districts. Found abundantly along Big Timber Creek, near Westville, September, 191 1, by Mr. Bayard Long. Fr. — Mid-August into October. Middle District.— Camden (NB), Petty's Isl. (NB), Westville, Swedes- boro, Millville. Coast Strip.— Anglesea (UP). Cyperus speciosus Vahl. Michaux's Sedge. PI. XVI., Fig. II. Cyperus speciosus Vahl., Emun. 2: 364. 1806 [Virgin-a]. — Britton 261. — Keller and Brown 60. Cyperus Michauxianus Willis 67. PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 253 Swamps along the coast, also at Camden (probably on ballast). Fr. — Early August to late September. Middle District. — Camden. Coast Strip. — Seaside Park, Waretown, Barnegat City (L), Surf City (L), Spray Beach (L), Atlantic City (S), Ocean City (S), Piermont, Stone Harbor, Wildwood, Cape May (KB). Cape May. — Dennisville (S).* Cyperus strigosus L. Straw-colored Sedge. PI. XVI., Fig. 10. Cyperus strigosus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 47. 1753 [Jamaica and Virginia]. — Barton Fl. Phila. I.; 27. 1818. — Knieskern 34. — Willis 67. — Britton 261. Cyperus strigosiis var. capitatus Britton 261 (dwarfed). Plentiful in swamps and moist open ground throughout the State except in the Pine Barrens. Very variable, but not satis- factorily divisible into definite varieties. Fr. — Early August to late September. Middle District. — New Egypt (S), Camden, Morris, Medford, Taunton (S), W. Deptford, Lawnside (S), Mickleton, Tomlin, Wenonah, Clementon, Swedesboro, Salem (S), Millville, Beaver Dam. Pine Barrens. — Landisville. Coast Strip. — Barnegat City (L), Surf City (L), Harvey Cedars (L), Ship Bottom (L), Barnegat City Jnc. (L), Spray Beach (L), Barrel Isl. (L), West Creek (S), Ocean City (S), Seaville (S), Sea Isle City (S), Wild- wood, Cold Spring (S), Cape May (S). Cyperus lancastriensis Porter. Lancaster Sedge. PI. XVI., Fig. I. Cyperus lancastriensis Porter, Gray's Manual, Ed. V. 555. 1807 [Banks of the Susquehanna, Lane. Co., Pa.]. — Watson, Gra3''s Man., Ed. VI. 572. 1890. — Britton 261. — Keller and Brown 60. Locally in sandy soil, Middle district and on the Delaware below Trenton. Fr. — Late July to early October. Middle District.— CenteryiWe (C), Near Woodbury, Swedesboro. Cyperus hystricinus Fernald. Bristling Sedge. PI. XVI., Fig. 2. Cyperus hystricinus Fernald, Rhodora, July, 1906:127 [near Haddonficld, N. J.] Cyperus retrofractus Britton 261 (in part).— Keller and Brown 60 (m part). *The records for Mays Landing (C) and Hammonton (KB) on authority of Benj. Heritage prove to be C. dcntatus. 254 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Locally in the Middle district. Fr. — Late July to late September. Middle District.— Red Bank, Westville, Washington Park (S), National Park, Malaga (S), Locust Grove, Swedesboro (CDL). Pine Barrens. — Hammonton. Cyperus retrofractus (L.). Rough Sedge. Scirpus retrofractus Linnseus, Sp. PL 50. 1753 [Virginia]. Mariscus retrofractus Barton, FI. Phila. I. 30. i8t8. — Torrey Ann. Lye. N. Y. in. 283. 1836.— Willis 67. Cyperus retrofractus Britton 261. — Keller and Brown 60. Locally in the Middle and Pine Barren districts and near Hoboken to the northward. Fr. — Late July to late September. Middle District.— Mediord (S), Locust Grove, Malaga. Pine Barrens. — Weymouth. Cyperus dipsaciformis Fernald. Teasel-like Sedge. Cyperus dipsaciformis Fernald, Rhodora 106, p. 127 [near Washington, D. C.]. I am informed by Prof. M. L. Fernald that there is a specimen in the Gray Herbarium from the herbarium of Thomas Morong, labelled in Morong's handwriting "Sandy Pine Barrens, New Jersey, Coll. Morong, September, 1873." I'his is our only evi- dence of its occurrence in our region.* Cyperus ovularis (Michx.). Globose Sedge. PI. XVL, Fig. 4. Kyllingia ovularis Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. L 29. 1803 [Georgia and Caro- lina]. Mariscus glonieratus Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 30. 1818. Cyperus ovularis Knieskern 34. — Willis 67. — Britton 261. — Keller and Brown 60. Common in open sandy ground throughout our region, except in the Pine Barrens, and casual in the northern counties. Fr. — Early July to early September. * A specimen collected many years ago by S. W. Conrad at Fish House on the Delaware, and now in the Philadelphia Academy Herbarium, has been identified by Dr. Britton as Cyperus refractus. The plant, however, is abor- tive and not well developed, and I do not think it can be certainly identified with this species. There is no other record for the state. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 255 Middle District. — New Egypt, Burlington, Arney's Mt. (S), Delaire, Med- ford (S), Swedesboro (CDL). Coast Strip.— Manaha-wkin, Surf City (L), Ship Bottom (L), Barrel Isl. (L), Atlantic City (KB), Palermo (S), Holly Beach (UP). Cape May.— Three mi. W. Court House (S), Dias Creek, Rio Grande, Ben- nett, Cold Spring, Cape May.* Cyperus cylindricus (EIL). Pine Barren Sedge, PI. XVI., Fig 3. Mariscus cylindricus Elliott, Bot. S. C. and Ga. I. 74. 1816 [probably South Carolina]. fMariscus echinatus Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 1818. Cyperus kyllingceoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 50. Cyperus Torreyi Britton 261. Cyperus cylindricus Keller and Brown 60. Open sandy ground, common throughout the Pine Barrens, Cape May and Coast districts, rare and local in the Middle district. Fr. — Late July to mid-September. Middle District. — Lindenwold, Dividing Creek. Pine Barrens. — Hornerstown, Lakehurst, Toms River (NB), Woodmansie (KB), Forked River, Bear Swamp (S), Taunton, Lucaston, Albion, Landis- ville, Winslow (S), Parkdale, Forks of Batsto, Egg Harbor City, Tucka- hoe (S). Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, St. Albans (L), Beach Haven (L), Surf City (L), Sherburn's (L), Atlantic City, Palermo (S), Ocean City (S), Piermont, Wildwood, Anglesea, Holly Beach. Cape May. — Bennett, Cold Spring (S). Cyperus gray! Torr. Gray's Sedge. PI. XVI., Fig. 6. Cyperus Grayii Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 268. 1836 [Pine region of New Jersey]. — Knieskern 34. — Willis 67. — Britton 261. — Keller and Brown 61. Common on the sandhills of the coast and in the Pine Barrens. Rare and local in the Middle district. Fr. — Early August to late September. Middle District. — New Egypt, Camden. Pine Barrens.— Manchester (NB), Weymouth Island Hts. Jnc, Forked River, Speedwell, Chatsworth, Taunton (S), Clementon, Penbryn (S), Waterford, Franklinville, Landisville, Atsion (S), Pleasant Mills, Weymouth. *The records for Hammonton and Forked River (KB) reported by Benj. Heritage and J. Crawford prove to be the next. JS(> KF.IH)RT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Coast Strip— Sandy Hook (C), Pt. Pleasant, Seaside Park' (S)., Ware- town, Forked River (NY), Barnegat City (L), Spray Beach (L), Sherburn's (L), West Creek (S), Atlantic City, Ocean City (S), Sea Isle City (S), Picrmont, Stone Harbor, Wildwond, Cape May Pt. (S). Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Slender Sedge. Cy perns filiculmis Vahl Enum., H. 3?8. 1806 [Carolina]. — Knieskern 34. — Willis 67. — Keller and Brown 60. Cyperus autiimnalis Barton Fl. Phila. I. 28. 1818. Common, perhaps, in the northern counties, but rare in our limits, spreading- along railroads, etc. Fr. — ^Late June into October. Middle District. — Woodbury, Kaighns Pt., Wenonah. Cape May. — Court House, Cape May. Cyperus filiculmis macilentus Fernald. PI. XVI., Fig. 5. Cyperus filiculmis var. macilentus Fernald Rhodera, Julj', 1906: 128 [Orono, Me.]. Dry sandy soil; most plentiful along the sand-dunes of the coast, also in the Pine Barrens and Middle districts. Fl. — Late June into October. Middle District. — New Egypt, Fish House, Morris, Woodbury, Washington Park, Wenonah, Lawnside (S), Lindenwold (S), Mickleton, Swedesboro, Beaver Dam. Pine Barrens. — Vineland, Landisville, Bamber, Twelfth St., Albion, Forks of Batsto, Egg Harbor City. Coast Strip.— Ashmy Park (NB), Pt. Pleasant, West Creek (S), Surf City (L), Barnegat City (L), Ship Bottom (L), Peahala (L), Tucker's (L), St. Albans (L), Sherburn's (L), Barrel Isl. (L). Longport (S), Atlantic City (S). Cape Afoy.— Fishing Creek (OHB), Cape May (OBH), Cape May Pt. DULICHIUM. L. C. Richard. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.). Dulichium. PI. XVII., Fig. 4. Cyperus arundinacea Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 44. 1753 [Virginia]. Dulichium spathaceus Barton, Fl. Phila. I. : 30. 1818. — Knieskern 34. — Wil- lis 67. — Britton 262. Common in wet swamps and along the edge of streams in the Northern, Middle and Coastal districts. The few Pine Barren records seem to have followed up the tidewater streams. Fr. — ]\Iid-July into October. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 257 Middle District. — New Egj'pt, Florence, Birmingham, Delanco (S), Med- ford (S), Lindenwold, Paulsboro, Swedesboro, Sharpstown, Dividing Creek. Pine Barrens. — Toms River (NY), Lakehurst, Forked River, Waretown, Bear Swamp (S), Hammonton (NY), Landisville, Petersburg (S), Egg Harbor (NB). Cape May. — Cape j\Iay, Town Bank. ELEOCHARIS R. Brown. Key to iJic Species. a. Spikes 2-6 cm. long of nearly or quite the same diameter as the culms. b. Scales blunt and rounded, spike blunt, cylindrical. c. Culm, four-angled. E. quadrangulata, p. 258 cc. Culm terete. E. interstincta, p. 258 bb. Scales sharp pointed, spike linear, awl-shaped. E. robbinsii, p. 258 aa. Spike much thicker than the culm. b. Spike 6-15 mm. long. c. Mature spikes at least 3 mm. thick. d. Scales pointed, tips spreading. c. Culms 3-15 dm. tall, stout. E. palustris, p. 260 ee. Culms 2-4.5 dm. tall, slender. E. glaiicescens, p. 260 dd. Scales blunt, spikes more or less globose. e. Scales short and rounded, closely imbricated. f. Spikes globose. E. obtusa, p. 259 //. Spikes oblong, cylindric. E. engelmanni, p. 260 ee. Scales longer and more loosely arranged. f. Scales brown with a lighter mid-vein. E. melanocarpa, p. 262 ff. Scales greenish with a dark mid-vein. g. Spike ovoid, culms not rooting at tip. E. tuberculosa, p. 261 gg. Spike spindle shaped, sterile culms often rooting at tip. E. rostellata, p. 264 cc. Mature spikes less than 3 mm. thick. d. Scales minute, rounded, closely imbricated, spike cylindrical, 6-15 mm. long. E. tricostata, p. 262 dd. Scales larger, more loosely arranged, spikes 4-6 mm. long. E. tenuis, p. 263 bb. Spikes 2-6 mm. long. c. Culms spirally twisted. E. tortilis, p. 263 cc. Culms not twisted. d. Culms 2-4 dm. high. E. tenuis, p. 263 dd. Culms not over 2 dm. high (seldom over 1-5 dm.). e. Culms capillary. /. Spikes two to six-flowered, i mm. broad. E. acicularis, p. 260 ff. Spikes six to many-flowered, culms often proliferous. E. torreyana, p. 261 ee. Culms thicker. 17 MUS 258 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. f. Spikes 2 mm. broad, scales reddish brown, with a green mid-vein. E. olivacea. p. 259 ff. Spikes 2-3 mm. broad, scales very pale. E. ocreata. p. 259 Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl.). Knotted Spike-rush. PI. XVII., Fig. 5- Scirpus intcrstiitctus Vahl, Emun. II. : 251. 1806 [Caribaeis]. — Keller and Brown 61.— Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1908. 458. Known only from a swamp at Repanpo in the Middle district, where it was first disco\-ered by Benjamin Heritage, July 15, 1892. Fr. — ]\Iid-Jnly to late August. Middle District. — Repaupo. Eleocharis quadrangulata Michx. Quadrangular Spike-rush. PI. XVII., Fig. 6. Scirpus qiiadrangulatus Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 30. 1803 [Carolina]. Eleocharis quadrangulata Torre}', Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 297. 1836. — Willis 68. Eleocharis mutata Britton, Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc. V. 98. 1889.— Britton 262. — Keller and Brown 62. Found in our region only in wet swamps in the Cape May district, but occurs also at Swartswood Lake, Sussex Co. Fr. — ]Mid-July to mid-August. Cape May. — Dennisville, Dias Creek, Bennett, Cape May. Eleocharis robbinsii Oakes. Robbin's Spike-rush. PI. XVII., Fig. 7- Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes, Hovey's Magazine VII. 178. 1848 [Pondi- cherry pond, Tefiferson, N. H.].— Willis 67.— Britton, Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc. V. 99. 1889.— Gray Manual Ed. V. 557. 1867.— Britton 262.— Keller and Brown 62. Growing in the water in Pine Barren streams and ponds, frequent; rare and local in similar situations in the Middle district. pr. — Mid-July to mid- September, good fruit somewhat infre- quent. Middle District. — Delanco, Union Grove (S), Fairton. Pine Barrens.— Toms River, Forked River, Dover Forge, Pasadena, Pleas- ant Mills, Mullica River, Quaker Bridge, Chatsworth, Hammonton, Berlin, Browns Mills (H), Dennisville. Cape May. — Town Bank. PU^NTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 259 Eleocharis ocreata (Nees.). Pale Spike-rush. PI. XVII., Fig. 14. Bleogenus ocreaiiis Nees., in Mart. Fl. Bras. II. Part i. 102. 1842 [Bahia, Rio Janiero, etc.].— Stone Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1908. 458. Restricted to the southern part of the Cape May peninsula, where it was first found by Mr. S. S. Van Pelt on the shores of Lily Lake, July 17 and September 16, 1905. Cape May.— Cape May Pt. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. Green Spike-rush. Eleocharis olivacea Torrey, Ann. Lj^c. N. Y. III. 300. 1836 [Pine Barrens of New Jersey]. — Knieskern 34. — Willis 68. — Britton 262. — Keller and Brown 62. Frequent in moist open ground throughout the State, but most plentiful in the Pine Barrens and along the coast. Fr. — Late July into October. Middle District. — New Egypt, Hainesport, Birmingham, Delaire. Mickleton (H), Swedesboro, Millville, Beaver Dam. Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Browns Mills, Bamber, Chatsworth, Jackson, Clementon, Atco, Landisville, Hammonton, Parkdale, Atsion, Batsto, Forks of Batsto, Pleasant Mills, Quaker Bridge, Absecon (Bassett). Coast Strip. — Seaside Park, Forked River, Waretown, Manahawkin, Surf City (L), Absecon (S), Palermo. Cape Moy.— Bennett, Cape May, Cape May Pt. (S). Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Obtuse Spike-rush. PL XVII., Fig. 17. Scirpus obtusus WilldenoAv, Enum. Hort. Berol. 76. i8og [North America]. Eleocharis obtusa Knieskern, 34. — WiUis 68. Eleocharis ovata Britton 262. Common throughout the State except in the Pine Barrens, where it is found only along tidewater streams or introduced in cultivated ground. Fr. — Mid- June to early October. Middle District.— Keyport (NY), New Egypt, Delanco, Birmingham, Del- aire, Camden, Lindenwold, Woodbury, Swedesboro, Clementon, Millville. Pine Barrens.— Pleasant Mills (T), Landisville, Four mi. E. Hammonton (S), Mays Landing. Coast Strip. — Deal, Manahawkin, Anglesea. Cape May.— Court House (S), Bennett (S), Cape May. 26o REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Eleocharis engelmanni Stcnul. Engelmann's Spike-rush, Elcocharis ciigcUnanni Steud, Syn. PI. Cyp. 79. 1855 [^t. Louis, Mo.]. Eleocharis ovaba var. ciigclwaniii Britton Jour. X. Y. Micros. Soc. V. 103. 1889.— Britton 262. Reported in our region only from Kaighns Point. Occasion- ally in the northern counties. Fr. — Alid-June to late August. Middle District. — Blackwoodstown Turnpike (from Chas. E. Smith's Her- barium and doubtless the specimens reported on his authority in Britton's Catalogue from "Kaighns Pt."). Eleocharis palustris (L.). Creeping Spike-rush. Scirpus palustris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 47. 1753 [Europe]. Eleocharis palustris Keller and Brown 62. Wet swamps ; rather frequent in the northern counties, rare and local in the Middle and Coast districts. The record in Brit- ton's Catalogue for Gloucester Co. belongs to the next. Middle District. — New Egypt. Coast Strip.— N. Wildwood. Eleocharis glaucescens Willd. Glaucous Spike-rush. PI. XVIL, Fig. II. Scirpus glaucescens Willdenow, Enum. 76. 1809 [North America]. Eleocharis palustris var. glaucescens Britton 262. Common in swamps in the Northern, ^Middle and Coast dis- tricts to Cape ]\Iay. There seem to be two forms of this species as pointed out to me by ]\Ir. Bayard Long. Those marked with an asterisk have a yellow achene with a nearly sessile truncate beak, while in the others the achene is brown with an acute pedicilled beak. Fl. — }ilid-june to late August. Middle District. — Delanco, Lindenwold, Medford, Tomlinson's. Coast Strip.—Deal* Pt. Pleasant, Manahawkin,* Spray Beach (L), Bar- negat City (L),* Surf City (L),* Ship Bottom (L),* St. Albans (L), Mays Landing (T), Piermont,* Wildwood (S), Cold Spring. Cape May. — Dias Creek,* Cape May.* Eleocharis acicuiaris (L.). Needle Spike-rush. PI. XVIL, Fig. 15. Scirpus acicuiaris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 48. 1753 [Europe]. Eleocharis acicuiaris Knieskern 34. — Willis 68. Scirpus trichodes Barton Fl. Phila. L Z^- 1818. PI^ANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 261 Wet muddy places, shores of streams, etc. Common in the Northern and Middle districts, occurs also in the Cape May peninsula. Fr. — Mid-July into October; good fruit quite uncommon. Middle District.— New Egypt, Delanco (S), Swedesboro, Millville, Mantua (H). Pine Barrens. — Landisville. Cape May.— 'Kummeytown (S), Cold Spring (OHB). Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.). Tubercled Spike-rush. PI. XVII., Fig. 8. Scirpus tuberculosiis Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 30. 1803 [Lower Carolina]. Eleocharis tuberculosa Knieskern 34. — Beck Botany 424. 1833. — Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 307. 1836.— Willis 68.— Britton Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc. V. 106. 1889. — Britton 262. — Keller and Brown 62. Wet sandy ground throughout the Pine Barrens and Cape May districts, rare and local in the lower part of the Middle district. This is the characteristic Eleocharis of the Pine Bar- rens, taking the place of B. obtusa of the Middle district. Its occurrence outside the Pines is limited to the so-called Pine Bar- ren Islands of west Jersey. Fr. — Mid-July to mid-September. Middle District.—Shark River, Griffith's Swamp, Centerton (S), Dividing Creek. Pine Barrens. — Allaire, Lakehurst, Toms River (S), Island Heights, Forked River, Brindletown, Manahawkin, Mayetta, West Creek, Speedwell (S), White House (S), Bear Swamp, Berlin, Atco, Jackson, Landisville, Ham- monton (S), Parkdale (S), Atsion, Quaker Bridge, Pleasant Mills, Forks of Batsto (S), Egg Harbor City, Cologne, Pancoast (S), Eighth St. (T), Mays Landing (S), Manumuskin (S), Sea Isle Jnc. Coast' Strip. — Sherburn's (L). Cape May.— Cold Spring (S), Bennett, Cape May. Eleocharis torreyana Boeckl. Torrey's Spike-rush. PL XVII., Fig. 16. Heleocharis Torreyaniis Boeckl, Linnsea 36, 440. 1870 [new name for "£. microcarpa b ? filiculmis Torrej^" Pine Barrens of N. J.]. Eleocharis microcarpa Willis 68.— Britton Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc. V. 107. 1889.— Britton 263. — Keller and Brown 62. Eleocharis microcarpa b ? filiculmis Torrey, Gray's Manual, Ed. I. 525. 1848. Restricted to damp sandy spots in the Pine Barrens and upper part of the Cape May district. 262 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Originally described by Turrey from specimens collected in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, apparently in Ocean County. Fr. — Early July to early October. Pine Barrens. — Forked River (H), Double Trouble, Bamber, Manahavvkin, Speedwell (S), Pleasant Mills, Quaker Bridge (C), Ballinger's Mill (S), Twelfth St. Folsom, Willianistown Jnc, Kgg Harbor Cit}'. Cape May. — Anglesea Jnc, Bennett Court House (S), Cold Spring. Eleochaiis melanocarpa Torrey. Black-fruited Spike-rush. PI. xvn., Fig. 9. Elcocliaris melanocarpa Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. HI. 311. 1836 [Pine Bar- rens near Savannah, Go.]. — Willis 68.— Britton 263. — Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1908. 458. — Long, Bartonia H. 18. 1910. Apparently restricted to the lower part of the Middle district. The first specimens I have seen from the State were collected at Delanco, August, 1907, by Messrs. S. S- Van Pelt, Stewardson Brown and the writer. The plant was quite plentiful then, and the tips of the leaves were rooting after the manner of B. rostellata. The earlier published records "Pine Barrens," Parker, and "Sandy Swamps, Monmouth Co.,'' Willis, unsupported by speci- mens may be regarded with suspicion, at least until we obtain other records from the Pines, Fr. — Early July to mid-August, probably. Middle District. — Delanco, Below Millville. Cape May. — Bennett. Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Three-ribbed Spike-rush. PI. xvn.. Fig. 10. Eleocharis tricostata Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. HL 310. 1836 [Georgia and Florida].— Knieskern 34.— Willis 68.— Gray Manual Ed. L 524. 1848.— Britton Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc. V. 108. 1889.— Britton 263.— Keller and Brown 62. Swamps in the Cape May and Pine Barren districts ; rare and local in the Middle district. Dr. Knieskern first detected this species in the State at Quaker Bridge, but it has since proved to be not uncommon, especially in the Cape IMay peninsula. Fr. — Early July to late August. PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 263 Middle District.— Ddanco. Pine Barrens.— Double Trouble, Quaker Bridge (C), Williamstown Jnc, Inskip, Newtonville, Grassy Pond, Twelfth St. and Jackson Road, Egg Har- bor City. Cape i1fa3'.— Bennett, Whitesboro, Nummeytown (S), Rio Grande. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.). Slender Spike-rush.* PI. XVII., Fig. 18. Scirpus tenuis Willdenow, Enum. Hort. Berol. I. y6. 1809 [North America]. Scirpus filiformis Pursh Fl. Am. Sept. I. 54. Eleocharis tennis Knieskern 34.— Torrey Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 309. 1836.— Willis 68.— Britton 263. Damp places ; common throughout the State. Pr.. — Early June to early July; scales then drop during July, but achenes persist on the rachis often until October. Middle District. — New Egypt, Burlington, Delanco (S), Camden, Lawn- side (S), Tomlinson's Glassboro (S), Swedesboro, Riddleton, Millville. Pine Barrens. — Allaire, Toms River Forked River, Manahawkin, West Creek, E. and W. Plains, Landisville, New Germany, Weymouth. Coast Strip. — Spray Beach (L). Cape iWaj.— Cape May (OHB). Eleocharis tortilis (Link.). Twisted Spike-rush. PI. XVII. Fig. 13. Scirpus tortilis Link, Jahrb. III. 78. 1820 [North America]. Moist open ground; rare and local in the southern Middle district, but more common in the Cape May peninsula. Reaches its northern limit in southern New Jersey. This interesting species easily recognized by its spirally twisted stem, was first collected in the State by Mr. Chas. D. Lippincott, September 6, 1896, near Swedesboro. Fr. — Early July to early September. Middle District. — Two miles north of Swedesboro. Cape ilfcy.— Dias Creek, West Cape Maj', Cold Spring (OHB). * Eleocharis intermedia Muhlenberg [Gram. 31. 1817— Pennsylvania] is given in Britton's Catalogue as rare and local in Northern New Jersey. It was recorded by Willis from Ocean and Monmouth Counties, but this record has been rejected by Dr. Britton, and as Mr. Heritage's record in Keller and Brown's Catalogue proves to be E. olivacea, the species seems to have no place in our list. 264 REPORT OF NE\\' JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Beaked Spike-rush. PI. XVII, Fig. 12. Scir/'us rostcllattis Torrej;, Ann. Lye. N. V. III. 318. 1S36 [Pcnn Yan Yates Co. N. Y. and So. Carolina]. Eleocharis rostellata Willis 68. — Bri'ton Jour. X. Y. Micros. Soc. V. no. 1889. — Britton 262. — Keller and Brown 63. Common along the edge of the sak marshes of the coast and on the Hackensack marshes north of our hmits. This species is noted for the rooting- of the tips of the sterile scapes, which thus form loops or arches that continually catch the feet as one walks through the meado\\-s. Fr. — Late June to mid-August. Maritime. — Ocean Grove, Ft. Pleasant, Seaside Park, Barnegat Pier, Manahawkin, Spraj' Beach (L), Beach Haven (L), Sherburn's (L), Atlantic City (C), Somers Pt., Cape May Ct. House, Cold Spring, Cape May (S), Dennis. DICHROMENA Michaux. Dichromena colorata (L.). Narrow-leaved Dichromena. Scliocnus coloratiis Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 43. 1753 [Jamaica and Bahamas]. Dichromena lencoccphala Gray Man. Ed. I. 531. 1848.— Willis 69. Dichromena ceplialotes Britton 263. The occurrence of this plant in New Jersey seems to be based upon the statement in the first edition of Gray's Manual (1848), where this State is included in the range, though upon what evi- dence it is now impossible to ascertain. No one is quoted as authority, and Prof. Fernald writes me that he can find no speci- men, that might have been responsible for the record, in the Gray Herbarium. Willis gives it as occurring in "wet places among the pine forests, Ocean and ^Monmouth Counties," but it is not mentioned by Knieskern, and Willis' statement was doubtless based upon Gray. Britton simply quotes Gray and Willis, adding "not re- cently collected." Notwithstanding the lack of specimens or any definite informa- tion, New Jersey is quoted in the range of the plant in all the manuals down to the present time. It is included here simply to emphasize the facts regarding its reported occurrence in the State, which up to the present time I have been utterly unable to substantiate. PU^NTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 265 PSILOCARYA Torrey. Psilocarya nitens (Vahl.). Scirpiis nitens Vahl, Emun. 2. 272. 1806 [Carolina]. — Long, Bartonia II. 18, 1910. Very rare in the lower part of the Cape ]^[ay peninsula, where it was collected by ]Mr. O. H. Brown in September, 1909. Cape May. — Cape May. STENOPHYLLUS Rafinesque. Stenophyllus capillaris (L.). Hair-like Sedge. PI. XVII., Fig. 3. Scirpus capillaris Linnjeus. Sp. PI. 49. 1753 [\'irginia]. — Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 34- 1818. Fimbristylis capillaris Knieskern 34. — Willis 69. — Britton 263. Isolepis capillaris Torrey Ann. Lye. N. Y. II. 351. 1836. Common in dry ground in the Northern and Middle districts and Coastal strip to Cape May. Rare and probably introduced in the Pine Barrens. Both this and the next are often weeds along railroads, etc. Pr. — Early August to late September. Middle District. — Burlington, Morris, Camden. Bridgeport, Tomlin, Swedes- boro. Pine Barrens.—SpeedweW (S), Landisville (T), Mays Landing (NB), Tuckahoe. Coast 5^n>.— Sherburn's (L). Ship Bottom (L), Barrel Isl. (L), West Creek (S), Palermo (S), Cape May (S). FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. PI, XVIL, Fig, 2. Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.). Autumnal Sedge. Scirpus autumnalis Linnsus, Mant. II. 180. 1771 [\'irginia].— Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. I, 57. 1814.— Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 34- 1818. Fimbristylis autumnalis Knieskern 34.— Willis 68.— Britton 263. Trichclostylis miicronulatus Torrey, Am. Lye. X. Y. III. 355. 1836. Common in moist ground, throughout the State. Fr. — ^Mid-August to late September. Middle District.— '^ew Egy^t, Delanco, Camden, Lawnside (S), Clementon, Medford (S), Swedesboro, Dividing Creek. Pine Barrens.— Berlin, Landisville (T), I\Lain Road Sta., Mays Landing, Coast Strip.— Coxe's, West Creek (S), X. Beach Haven (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Sherburn's (L). 266 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Cape May. — Dennisville (S), three miles west Court House (S), Cape May (OHB). Fimbristylis castanea (Michx.). Chestnut Sedge. PI. XVIL, Fig. I. Scirpus castancus Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 31. 1803 [Florida]. Fimbristylis spadicea Knieskern 34. — Torrey, Am. Lye. N. Y. III. 346. 1836. —Willis 68. Scirpus ferrugincus Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 53. 1824. — Muhlenberg, Gram. 35. 1817. Scirpus spadiccus Muhlenberg, Gram. 35. 1817. Fimbristylis castanea Britton 263. — Keller and Brown 63. Common in salt marshes all along the coast and rarely in sandy swamps in the Pine Barrens. None of the lists refer to this species as occurring away from the coast, although specimens collected by Cooper at Quaker Bridge have long been in the Academy herbarium ; they and other Pine Barren material show no difference whatever from the maritime plant.* Fr, — Early August to late September. Pine Barrens. — Atsion, Quaker Bridge, Cedar Grove (S), Hammonton (T). Maritime.— Ft. Pleasant, Manahawkin, Surf City (L), Beach Haven (L), Sherburn's (L), Atlantic City, Ocean City, Palermo, Mays Landing (NB), Sea Isle City, Piermont, Stone Harbor, Holly Beach, Anglesea, Anglesea Jnc. (S), Cape May (S). SCIRPUS L. Key to the Species. a. Spikelet single, terminal. b. Plants not over .5 dm. high. S. nanus, p. 267 bb. Plants 1.5-9 dm. high. c- I-5-3-5 dm. tall, terrestrial. S. planifolius, p. 268 cc. 3-9 dm. long, floating. S. suhterminalis, p. 268 aa. Spikelets several, sessile, with a single bract. b. Culms tertete or nearly so, .7-6 dm. tall, spikelets 5-10 mm. long. c. Achene biconvex. S. debilis, p. 268 cc. One face of the achene flat. d. Bristles wanting. S. smithii, p. 269 dd. Bristles present. S. s. setosus, p. 269 bb. Culms sharply 3-angled, usually over 6 dm. tall, spikelets 5-15 mm. long. * In Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 345. 1836. Dr. Torrey mentions a specimen of F. congesta [=F. vahlii] in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy from New Jersey, but I do not find it. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 267 c. Involucral leaf blunt. S. torreyi, p. 270 cc. Involucral leaf pointed. d. Plant smaller, 3-12 dm. tall ; involucral leaf 35-100 mm. S. americanus, p. 269 dd. Plant larger, 6-21 dm. tall ; involucral leaf 12-35 ™m- 5". olneyi, p. 269 bbb. Culms, three angled, spikelets 10-20 mm. long, 6-10 mm. thick. S. paliidosus, p. 271 aaa. Spikelets numerous, in clusters or single on pedicels, forming an umbel. b. Spikelets large and thick, 15-40 mm. long. c. Spikelets pale brown. 6*. Huviatilis, p. 271 cc. Scales of spikelets streaked with red (maritime). S. robustiis, p. 270 bb. Spikelets small, not over 6 mm. long. c. Culm terete, leaves reduced to sheaths on the culm. S. valid us, p. 270 cc. Culm triangular. d. Heads dense, star-shaped, spikelets blackish green. 5". atrovirens, p. 271 dd. Umbel more open, spikelets often solitary or only 2 or 3 on a peduncle. e. No hair-like bristles projecting from the scales. 5. lineattis, p. 272 ee. With projecting hair-like bristles, giving the spikelets a downy appearance. f. Spikelets blackish green, with a black band below the inflorescence. 5". longi, p. 272 ff. Spikelets rusty brown. g. Spikelets in clusters of 3-15. .S*. cyperiniis, p. 272 gg. Spikelets on individual peduncles. S. criophoriim, p. 273 Scirpus nanus Spreng. Dwarf Club-rush. PI. XX., Fig. 3- Scirpus nanus Sprengel, Pug. I. 4. 1813 [Saxony]. — Britton 264.— Keller and Brown 64. Bleocharis pygmcca Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 313. 1836.— Willis 68. Salt marshes on the coast. In Britton's Hst, as well as that of Keller and Brown, this species is said to be frequent, but I have not found it so, nor do there seem to be many specimens pre- served from the State. Fr. — Early July into September. Maritime.— Vt. Pleasant, St. Albans (L), Ship Bottom (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Beesley's Pt. (H), Cold Spring. 268 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM. Scirpus planifolius Muhl. Few-flowered Club-rush. PL XX., Fig. 2. Scirl)us planifolius Muhlenberg, Gram. 32. 1817 [Pennsylvania and Delaware]. — Britton 264. — Keller and Brown 64. In woods ; frequent in the Xorthern and occasional southward in the Middle district. Fr. — Late ]May to mid-June. Middle District.— 'MuWkd. Hill (C), Mickleton. Swedesboro. Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Water Club-rush. PI. XX., Fig. 6. Scirpus subterminalis Torrey. Fl. U. S. I. 47. 1824 [Deerfield, Mass.]. — Knieskern 34. — Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 317.— Willis 68.— Britton 264. — Keller and Brown 64. Common in Pine Barren streams, occurring- locally also in the lower part of the ]^Iiddle and Cape May districts. A characteristic species in the dark brown waters of the Pine Barrens, where it gTows in great masses, its long leaves and stems swaying in the current and often associated ^^■ith Bleocharis robbinsii. In ponds Avhere the water has been drained off, it often grows upright with much shorter and stitYer stems, pre- senting quite a dififerent appearance. Fr. — Early July to late August : fruit rather uncommon. Middle District.— Repaupo (KB), Swedesboro, Fairton. Pine Barrens. — Toms River, Ferrago (P), Bamber, Forked River, Ware- town, Pasadena, West Creek (S), Tuckerton, Speedwell, Chatsworth (S), Browns Mills (KB), Cedar Brook (KB), Berlin, Jackson, Parkdale, Ham- monton (NB), Quaker Bridge, west of Atlantic City, Pancoast. Cape May. — Dennisville (S), Nummeytown. Scirpus debilis Pursh. Weak-stallrict. — Riverton, Camden, Medford (S), Beaver Dam. Pine Barrens. — Quaker Bridge (S), Long Causeway (S), High Bridge (S), Landisville (T), Estelville, Mays Landing (NY). Maritime.—SanAy Hook (NB), Ortley (NY), Seabright, Forked River, Surf City (L), Atlantic City, Ocean City (S), Stone Harbor, Piermont (S), Anglesea, Clermont (T), Cold Spring, Cape May (S), Dennisville, Sluice Creek (S). Scirpus oineyi Gray. Oiney's Bull-rush. PI. XX., Fig. 8. Scirpus Oineyi Gray, Bost. Jour Nat. Hist. V. 238. 1845 [Salt Marshes, near Providence, R. I., and New Jersey]. — Knieskern 34. Willis 68. — Britton 264. — Keller and Brown 65. * Cf. National Magazine, 1893. 567. 270 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY vSTATE MUSEUM. Frequent with the preceding- along the coast and on the Bay shore of the Cape May peninsula in shallow water bordering- the salt marshes or tidewater creeks, northw^ard to the Hackensack meadoW'S. Fr. — 'Late July to early September. Maritime. — Squan (C), Toms River (C), Forked River, Manahawkin, Surf City (L), Barnegat City (L), Brant Beach (L), Capt May Ct. House (S), Cold Spring. Cape ]\Iay Pt. (S), Dennis, Sluice Creek (S), Beaver Dam. Scirpus torreyi Olney. Torrey's Bull-rush. PI. XX, Fig. 5. Scirpus Torreyi Olney, Proc. Providence Frank. Soc. I. 32. 1847 [near Providence, also West Point — Torrey]. — Stone Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1908, p. 458. Found for the first time in the State on Augiist 10, 1907, by the writer. It was growdng along the edge of a shallow pond above Delanco near the Delaware River. F}'. — Mid-July to mid-September. Middle D isU-ict. —Delauco. Scirpus validus Vahl. Bull-rush. PI. XX., Fig. I. Scirpus validus Vahl, Enum. II. 268. 1806 [Carabees and Jamaica]. Scirpus lacustris Barton I. 33. i8r8. — Knieskern 34. — Britton 264. — Keller and Brown 65. Frequent in open swamps or in shallovr water, except in the Pine Barren district. Fr. — Late June to early August. Middle District.— New Egypt, Camden, IMickleton, MuUica Hill (NB), Lindenwold (S), Beaver Dam, Sw^edesboro. Coast Strip. — Pt. Pleasant, Baj'head, Toms River, Forked River, Estelville, Piermont, Anglesea, Cold Spring. Cape May.— Court House, Cape May (S), Cape May Pt. (S). Scirpus robustus Pursh. Salt Marsh Bull-rush. PI. XXL, Fig. 7. Scirpus robustus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 56. 1814 [Salt marshes and banks of rivers — probably N. J.]. Scirpus tnaritimus Knieskern 34. — Willis 68. — Keller and Brown 65. Scirpus fiiaritivius var. macrostachyos Britton 264. PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 271 Common all along the coast and up the bay shore, in salt marshes. Fr. — Mid- July to early September. Maritime.-— 'S>\\im.rnmg River (NB), Deal, Spring Lake (NB), Asbury Park (S), Barnegat Pier, Seaside Park, Forked River, Beach Haven Terrace (L), Absecon, Atlantic City (S), Ocean City, Stone Harbor, Anglesea, Wild- wood, Holly Beach, Cold Spring, Cape May, Cape May Pt., Green Creek, Dias Creek (S), Sluice Creek (S), So. Dennis. Scirpus robustus paludosus (A. Nelson.). Pale Marsh Bull-rush. Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club. XXVI. 5. 1899 [Granger, Wyo.]. With the preceding, but not common. I am not satisfied that this is identical with Nelson